01. Momwe mungagawire ma recarburizers m'magulu
Ma carburizer amatha kugawidwa m'magulu anayi malinga ndi zinthu zopangira.
1. Grafiti yopangidwa
Zipangizo zazikulu zopangira graphite yopangira ndi ufa wa calcium petroleum coke wapamwamba kwambiri, momwe phula limawonjezeredwa ngati chomangira, ndipo zinthu zina zochepa zowonjezera zimawonjezeredwa. Zipangizo zosiyanasiyana zikasakanizidwa, zimakanikizidwa ndikupangidwa, kenako zimatsukidwa mumlengalenga wopanda okosijeni pa 2500-3000 ° C kuti zipangidwe kukhala graphit. Pambuyo pokonza kutentha kwambiri, phulusa, sulfure ndi mpweya zimachepa kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha mtengo wokwera wa zinthu zopangira graphite, zinthu zambiri zopangira graphite recarburizer zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'mafakitale opangira zinthu ndi zinthu zobwezerezedwanso monga tchipisi, ma electrode otayira zinyalala ndi ma graphite block popanga ma electrode a graphite kuti achepetse ndalama zopangira.
Mukasungunula chitsulo chosungunuka, kuti chitsulo chosungunuka chikhale chapamwamba kwambiri, graphite yopangidwa iyenera kukhala chisankho choyamba cha recarburizer.
2. Koka ya petroleum
Petroleum coke ndi recarburizer yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Mafuta a petroleum coke ndi chinthu china chomwe chimapezeka poyenga mafuta osaphika. Zotsalira ndi mafuta ophikira omwe amapezeka poyenga mafuta osaphika pansi pa kupanikizika kwabwinobwino kapena pansi pa kupsinjika kochepa kwa mafuta osaphika angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zinthu zopangira kupanga mafuta a petroleum coke, kenako mafuta a petroleum coke osaphika amatha kupezeka pambuyo poyenga. Kupanga mafuta osaphika osaphika ndi pafupifupi 5% ya kuchuluka kwa mafuta osaphika omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kupanga mafuta osaphika osaphika pachaka a petroleum coke ku United States ndi pafupifupi matani 30 miliyoni. Kuchuluka kwa zinthu zosayera mu mafuta osaphika osaphika osaphika ndi kwakukulu, kotero singagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji ngati recarburizer, ndipo kuyenera kuyikidwa kaye mu calcium.
Coke ya petroleum yosaphika imapezeka mu mawonekedwe ofanana ndi siponji, singano, granular ndi madzi.
Siponji petroleum coke imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochedwetsa kuphika. Chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa sulfure ndi chitsulo, nthawi zambiri imagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta panthawi ya calcination, ndipo ingagwiritsidwenso ntchito ngati zopangira calcined petroleum coke. Siponji ya calcined sponge coke imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka mumakampani opanga aluminiyamu komanso ngati recarburizer.
Singano petroleum coke imakonzedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochedwetsa kuphika yokhala ndi zinthu zopangira zokhala ndi ma hydrocarbon ambiri onunkhira komanso zinthu zochepa zosafunika. Singano iyi ili ndi kapangidwe kofanana ndi singano kosweka mosavuta, nthawi zina kotchedwa graphite coke, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga ma electrode a graphite pambuyo pa calcination.
Coke ya petroleum yokhala ndi granules yolimba imapangidwa kuchokera ku zipangizo zopangira sulfure ndi asphaltene zambiri pogwiritsa ntchito njira yochedwa coking, ndipo imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati mafuta.
Coke ya petroleum yosungunuka imapezeka poika coke mosalekeza pabedi losungunuka.
Kuchuluka kwa mafuta a petroleum coke kumachotsa sulfure, chinyezi, ndi zinthu zotupa. Kuchuluka kwa mafuta a petroleum coke obiriwira pa kutentha kwa 1200-1350°C kungapangitse kuti ikhale kaboni wokhawokha.
Makampani opanga aluminiyamu amagwiritsa ntchito kwambiri calcium coke, ndipo 70% ya calcium coke yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma anode omwe amachepetsa bauxite. Pafupifupi 6% ya calcium coke yomwe imapangidwa ku United States imagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma carburizer achitsulo chopangidwa ndi cast iron.
3. Grafiti yachilengedwe
Graphite yachilengedwe ingagawidwe m'magulu awiri: graphite ya flake ndi graphite ya microcrystalline.
Graphite ya microcrystalline ili ndi phulusa lochuluka ndipo nthawi zambiri siigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chosinthira chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya graphite ya flake: graphite ya flake ya carbon yambiri imafunika kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira za mankhwala, kapena kutenthedwa kutentha kwambiri kuti iwonongeke ndikuwononga ma oxide omwe ali mmenemo. Phulusa lomwe lili mu graphite ndi lalikulu, kotero siliyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati recarburizer; graphite ya carbon yapakatikati imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati recarburizer, koma kuchuluka kwake sikokwanira.
4. Coke ndi Anthracite
Pakupanga zitsulo za ng'anjo yamagetsi, coke kapena anthracite zitha kuwonjezeredwa ngati recarburizer ikadzala. Chifukwa cha phulusa lake lalikulu komanso kuchuluka kwake kosakhazikika, chitsulo chosungunula ng'anjo ya induction sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ngati recarburizer.
Ndi kusintha kosalekeza kwa zofunikira zoteteza chilengedwe, chidwi chachikulu chikuperekedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito zinthu, ndipo mitengo ya chitsulo cha nkhumba ndi coke ikupitirira kukwera, zomwe zikuchititsa kuti mtengo wa castings ukwere. Makampani ambiri oyambitsa zinthu akuyamba kugwiritsa ntchito ng'anjo zamagetsi m'malo mwa kusungunuka kwa cupola kwachikhalidwe. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2011, malo ogwirira ntchito ang'onoang'ono ndi apakatikati a fakitale yathu adagwiritsanso ntchito njira yosungunula ng'anjo zamagetsi m'malo mwa njira yosungunula cupola yachikhalidwe. Kugwiritsa ntchito chitsulo chochuluka chotsalira pakusungunula ng'anjo zamagetsi sikungochepetsa ndalama zokha, komanso kumawongolera mawonekedwe a makina a castings, koma mtundu wa recarburizer yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso njira yosungunula carburing imagwira ntchito yofunika kwambiri.
02. Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito recarburizer mu induction ng'anjo yosungunula
1 Mitundu yayikulu ya recarburizers
Pali zinthu zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zobwezeretsanso zitsulo, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi graphite yopangira, calcined petroleum coke, natural graphite, coke, anthracite, ndi zosakaniza zopangidwa ndi zinthu zotere.
(1) Graphite Yopangira Pakati pa ma recarburizer osiyanasiyana omwe atchulidwa pamwambapa, mtundu wabwino kwambiri ndi graphite yopangira. Zipangizo zazikulu zopangira graphite yopangira ndi ufa wa calcined petroleum coke wapamwamba kwambiri, momwe phula limawonjezeredwa ngati chomangira, ndipo zinthu zina zochepa zowonjezera zimawonjezeredwa. Zinthu zosiyanasiyana zikasakanizidwa pamodzi, zimakanikizidwa ndikupangidwa, kenako zimatsukidwa mumlengalenga wopanda okosijeni pa 2500-3000 °C kuti zipangidwe graphitized. Pambuyo pochiza kutentha kwambiri, phulusa, sulfure ndi mpweya zimachepa kwambiri. Ngati palibe petroleum coke yopangira calcined pa kutentha kwakukulu kapena kutentha kosakwanira kwa calcination, mtundu wa recarburizer udzakhudzidwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wa recarburizer makamaka umadalira kuchuluka kwa graphitization. Chosinthira mpweya wabwino chimakhala ndi graphitic carbon (mass fraction). Pa 95% mpaka 98%, sulfure ndi 0.02% mpaka 0.05%, ndipo nayitrogeni ndi (100 mpaka 200) × 10-6.
(2) Petroleum coke ndi recarburizer yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Petroleum coke ndi chinthu china chochokera ku mafuta osakonzedwa. Zotsalira ndi mafuta opangidwa kuchokera ku distillation yokhazikika kapena vacuum distillation ya mafuta osakonzedwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zopangira popanga petroleum coke. Pambuyo pokonza, petroleum coke yosakonzedwa ingapezeke. Zomwe zili mkati mwake zimakhala zambiri ndipo sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji ngati recarburizer, ndipo ziyenera kuyikidwa kaye mu calcium.
(3) Graphite yachilengedwe ingagawidwe m'mitundu iwiri: graphite ya flake ndi graphite ya microcrystalline. Graphite ya microcrystalline ili ndi phulusa lalikulu ndipo nthawi zambiri siigwiritsidwa ntchito ngati recarburizer ya chitsulo chopangidwa. Pali mitundu yambiri ya graphite ya flake: graphite ya flake ya carbon flake iyenera kuchotsedwa pogwiritsa ntchito njira zamankhwala, kapena kutenthedwa kutentha kwambiri kuti iwonongeke ndikuwononga ma oxide omwe ali mmenemo. Phulusa lomwe lili mu graphite ndi lalikulu ndipo siliyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati recarburizer. Graphite ya carbon yapakatikati imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati recarburizer, koma kuchuluka kwake sikokwanira.
(4) Coke ndi anthracite Mu ndondomeko yosungunulira ng'anjo ya induction, coke kapena anthracite ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ngati recarburizer ikadzala. Chifukwa cha phulusa lake lalikulu komanso kuchuluka kwake kosasinthasintha, chitsulo chosungunulira ng'anjo ya induction sichigwiritsidwa ntchito kawirikawiri ngati recarburizer. , Mtengo wa recarburizer iyi ndi wotsika, ndipo ndi ya recarburizer yotsika mtengo.
2. Mfundo ya carburization ya chitsulo chosungunuka
Mu njira yosungunulira chitsulo chopangidwa ndi zinthu zopangidwa, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zidutswa zomwe zimawonjezeredwa komanso kuchuluka kwa C mu chitsulo chosungunuka, carburizer iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuti iwonjezere kaboni. Mpweya womwe ulipo mu mawonekedwe a chinthu mu recarburizer uli ndi kutentha kosungunuka kwa 3727°C ndipo sungasungunuke kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka. Chifukwa chake, kaboni mu recarburizer umasungunuka makamaka mu chitsulo chosungunuka m'njira ziwiri zosungunulira ndi kufalikira. Pamene kuchuluka kwa graphite recarburizer mu chitsulo chosungunuka ndi 2.1%, graphite imatha kusungunuka mwachindunji mu chitsulo chosungunuka. Chochitika cha kaboni chosagwirizana ndi graphite kwenikweni sichilipo, koma pakapita nthawi, kaboni pang'onopang'ono imafalikira ndikusungunuka mu chitsulo chosungunuka. Pakukonzanso chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimasungunuka ndi induction furnace, kuchuluka kwa recarburization kwa crystalline graphite recarburization kumakhala kwakukulu kwambiri kuposa kwa non-graphite recarburizers.
Kuyesera kukuwonetsa kuti kusungunuka kwa kaboni mu chitsulo chosungunuka kumayendetsedwa ndi kusamutsa kwa kaboni mu gawo lamadzimadzi pamwamba pa tinthu tolimba. Poyerekeza zotsatira zomwe zapezeka ndi tinthu ta coke ndi malasha ndi zotsatira zomwe zapezeka ndi graphite, zapezeka kuti kufalikira ndi kusungunuka kwa ma recarburizer a graphite mu chitsulo chosungunuka kumakhala kofulumira kwambiri kuposa kwa tinthu ta coke ndi malasha. Zitsanzo za tinthu ta coke ndi malasha zomwe zinasungunuka pang'ono zinawonedwa ndi maikulosikopu ya elekitironi, ndipo zapezeka kuti gawo lopyapyala la phulusa linapangidwa pamwamba pa zitsanzozo, zomwe zinali chinthu chachikulu chomwe chimakhudza kufalikira kwawo ndi kusungunuka kwa chitsulo chosungunuka.
3. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mpweya m'thupi
(1) Mphamvu ya kukula kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta recarburizer Kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizer kumadalira zotsatira za kusungunuka ndi kufalikira kwa recarburizer komanso kuchuluka kwa kutayika kwa okosijeni. Kawirikawiri, tinthu ta recarburizer ndi tating'onoting'ono, liwiro la kusungunuka ndi lachangu, ndipo liwiro la kutayika ndi lalikulu; tinthu ta carburizer ndi tating'onoting'ono, liwiro la kusungunuka ndi lochepa, ndipo liwiro la kutayika ndi laling'ono. Kusankha kukula kwa tinthu ta recarburizer kumagwirizana ndi kukula ndi mphamvu ya ng'anjo. Kawirikawiri, pamene kukula ndi mphamvu ya ng'anjo ndi zazikulu, kukula kwa tinthu ta recarburizer kuyenera kukhala kwakukulu; m'malo mwake, kukula kwa tinthu ta recarburizer kuyenera kukhala kochepa.
(2) Mphamvu ya kuchuluka kwa recarburizer yomwe yawonjezeredwa Pansi pa kutentha kwina ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala komweko, kuchuluka kwa kaboni wokhuta mu chitsulo chosungunuka kumakhala kotsimikizika. Pansi pa kuchuluka kwa kukhuta, recarburizer yochulukirapo ikawonjezeredwa, nthawi yayitali yofunikira kuti isungunuke ndi kufalikira, kutayika kofanana kumakulirakulira, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kumatsika.
(3) Zotsatira za kutentha pa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizer. Mwachidule, kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka kukakhala kwakukulu, kumakhala koyenera kuyamwa ndi kusungunuka kwa recarburizer. M'malo mwake, recarburizer imakhala yovuta kusungunuka, ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizer kumachepa. Komabe, kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka kumakhala kokwera kwambiri, ngakhale kuti recarburizer ikhoza kusungunuka kwathunthu, kuchuluka kwa kutayika kwa kaboni kumawonjezeka, zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti kaboni ichepe komanso kuchepa kwa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizer. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka kuli pakati pa 1460 ndi 1550 °C, mphamvu ya kuyamwa kwa recarburizer ndiyo yabwino kwambiri.
(4) Mphamvu ya kusakaniza chitsulo chosungunuka pa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizer. Kusakaniza kumathandiza kusungunuka ndi kufalikira kwa kaboni, ndipo kumapewa recarburizer yoyandama pamwamba pa chitsulo chosungunuka ndikuwotchedwa. Recarburizer isanasungunuke kwathunthu, nthawi yosakaniza imakhala yayitali ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kumakhala kwakukulu. Kusakaniza kungachepetsenso nthawi yogwiritsira ntchito kaboni, kufupikitsa nthawi yopangira, ndikupewa kuyaka kwa zinthu zosakaniza mu chitsulo chosungunuka. Komabe, ngati nthawi yosakaniza ndi yayitali kwambiri, sikuti imangokhudza kwambiri moyo wa uvuni, komanso kumawonjezera kutayika kwa kaboni mu chitsulo chosungunuka pambuyo poti recarburizer yasungunuka. Chifukwa chake, nthawi yoyenera yosakaniza ya chitsulo chosungunuka iyenera kukhala yoyenera kuonetsetsa kuti recarburizer yasungunuka kwathunthu.
(5) Mphamvu ya kapangidwe ka mankhwala a chitsulo chosungunuka pa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizer Pamene kuchuluka kwa kaboni koyambirira mu chitsulo chosungunuka kuli kokwera, pansi pa malire enaake osungunuka, kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizer kumakhala kochedwa, kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kumakhala kochepa, ndipo kutayika koyaka kumakhala kwakukulu. Kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizer kumakhala kochepa. Zosiyana ndi izi zimakhala zoona pamene kuchuluka kwa kaboni koyambirira mu chitsulo chosungunuka kuli kotsika. Kuphatikiza apo, silicon ndi sulfure mu chitsulo chosungunuka zimalepheretsa kuyamwa kwa kaboni ndikuchepetsa kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizers; pomwe manganese imathandiza kuyamwa kaboni ndikukweza kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizers. Ponena za kuchuluka kwa mphamvu, silicon ndiye wamkulu kwambiri, kutsatiridwa ndi manganese, ndipo kaboni ndi sulfure sizimakhudza kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, popanga zenizeni, manganese iyenera kuwonjezeredwa kaye, kenako kaboni, kenako silicon.
4. Zotsatira za ma recarburizer osiyanasiyana pa katundu wa chitsulo chopangidwa
(1) Mikhalidwe Yoyesera: Uvuni wowirikiza wa 5t intermediate frequency coreless induction unagwiritsidwa ntchito posungunula, ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya 3000kW ndi pafupipafupi ya 500Hz. Malinga ndi mndandanda wa tsiku ndi tsiku wa workshop (50% return material, 20% pig iron, 30% scrap), gwiritsani ntchito low-nitrogen calcined recarburizer ndi graphite-type recarburizer kuti musungunule ng'anjo ya chitsulo chosungunuka motsatana, malinga ndi zofunikira za ndondomeko Mukasintha kapangidwe ka mankhwala, pangani silinda main bearing cap motsatana.
Njira Yopangira: Chosinthira mpweya chimawonjezedwa mu uvuni wamagetsi m'magulu ambiri panthawi yoperekera chakudya kuti chisungunuke, 0.4% primary inoculant (silicon barium inoculant) imawonjezedwa panthawi yopopera, ndipo 0.1% secondary flow inoculant (Silicon barium inoculant). Gwiritsani ntchito mzere wa DISA2013 styling line.
(2) Kapangidwe ka makina Pofuna kutsimikizira momwe ma recarburizer awiri osiyana amakhudzira kapangidwe ka chitsulo chopangidwa, komanso kupewa kukhudzidwa kwa kapangidwe ka chitsulo chosungunuka pa zotsatira zake, kapangidwe ka chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimasungunuka ndi ma recarburizer osiyanasiyana chinasinthidwa kuti chikhale chofanana. Kuti zitsimikizire bwino zotsatira zake, mu njira yoyesera, kuwonjezera pa ma seti awiri a mipiringidzo yoyesera ya Ø30mm adathiridwa mu uvuni ziwiri za chitsulo chosungunuka, zidutswa 12 za castings zomwe zidapangidwa mu chitsulo chilichonse chosungunuka zidasankhidwa mwachisawawa kuti ziyesedwe kuuma kwa Brinell (zidutswa 6/bokosi, kuyesa mabokosi awiri).
Pankhani ya kapangidwe kofanana, mphamvu ya mipiringidzo yoyesera yopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito graphite-type recarburizer imakhala yayikulu kwambiri kuposa ya mipiringidzo yoyesera yopangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito calcined-type recarburizer, ndipo magwiridwe antchito a castings opangidwa ndi graphite-type recarburizer ndi abwinoko kuposa omwe amapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito graphite-type recarburizer. Ma castings opangidwa ndi calcined recarburizers (pamene kuuma kwa castings kuli kwakukulu kwambiri, m'mphepete mwa castings mudzawoneka ngati chinthu chodumphadumpha panthawi yokonza).
(3) Mitundu ya graphite ya zitsanzo zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito pogwiritsa ntchito graphite-type recarburizer zonse ndi graphite ya mtundu wa A, ndipo chiwerengero cha graphite ndi chachikulu ndipo kukula kwake ndi kochepa.
Zotsatira zotsatirazi zachokera ku zotsatira za mayeso omwe ali pamwambapa: recarburizer yapamwamba kwambiri yamtundu wa graphite sikuti imangowongolera mawonekedwe a makina a castings, kukonza kapangidwe ka metallographic, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito a castings.
03. Chidule cha Nkhani
(1) Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kwa recarburizer ndi kukula kwa tinthu ta recarburizer, kuchuluka kwa recarburizer yomwe yawonjezeredwa, kutentha kwa recarburizer, nthawi yosakaniza ya chitsulo chosungunuka ndi kapangidwe ka mankhwala ka chitsulo chosungunuka.
(2) Chosinthira cha mtundu wa graphite chapamwamba sichimangowonjezera mphamvu za makina a castings, kukonza kapangidwe ka metallographic, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito a castings. Chifukwa chake, popanga zinthu zofunika monga ma cylinder blocks ndi mitu ya cylinder mu induction ng'anjo yosungunula, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito ma recarburizer apamwamba a mtundu wa graphite.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-08-2022