Mawonekedwe osuntha ndi kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zotsalira monga sodium (Na), vanadium (V), nickel (Ni), ndi calcium (Ca) mu petroleum coke panthawi ya calcination zimakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, mawonekedwe a zochitika, ndi machitidwe a mankhwala. Mawonekedwe enieni ndi awa:
1. Kusamuka ndi Kusanduka kwa Sodium (Na)
- Gawo lotentha pang'ono (<1000°C): Sodium imapezeka makamaka mu mawonekedwe a mchere wosapangidwa (monga sodium sulfate, sodium chloride) kapena organic complexes, yokhala ndi kusasinthasintha kochepa. Pamene kutentha kukukwera, pang'onopang'ono imawola kukhala ma oxides a gaseous (monga Na₂O) kapena ma hydroxide (monga NaOH).
- Gawo la kutentha kwambiri (>1000°C): Kusasinthasintha kwa sodium kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Zinthu zopangidwa ndi sulfure ndi chlorine (monga Na₂S, NaCl) zimasungunuka mosavuta kapena kuwola kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa sodium kutuluka mu mawonekedwe a mpweya.
- Zinthu Zokhudza: Kusakhazikika kwa sodium kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi mpweya wa calcium (kusungunuka/kuchepetsa). Pansi pa zinthu zochepetsa, sodium imatha kusakhazikika ngati sulfides.
2. Kusamuka ndi Kusakhazikika kwa Vanadium (V)
- Mitundu ya kupezeka: Vanadium mu petroleum coke imapezeka makamaka m'mitundu yolumikizidwa ndi organic (monga vanadyl porphyrins) ndi mitundu yokhazikika (monga vanadium oxides, silicates).
- Gawo lotentha pang'ono (<1100°C): Vanadium yolumikizidwa ndi organic imawola pang'onopang'ono kutentha kukakwera, n'kusanduka mitundu yosungunuka m'madzi, yosinthika ndi ma ion, kapena yolumikizidwa ndi carbonate. Vanadium ina imachita ndi calcium ndi iron minerals kuti ipange eutectics yosungunuka pang'ono.
- Gawo la kutentha kwambiri (>1100°C): Kusinthasintha kwa vanadium kumawonjezeka kwambiri. Vanadium yolumikizidwa ndi organic imawola mwachangu kukhala mitundu ya VOₓ ya gaseous (monga, VO, V₂O₅), pomwe vanadium yokhazikika (monga, V₂O₃) imasungunuka pang'ono ndikutulutsa vanadium pang'ono kutentha kwambiri.
- Zinthu Zokhudza: Kusakhazikika kwa vanadium kumakhudzidwa ndi kutentha, kuchuluka kwa kutopa, ndi kapangidwe ka mchere. Pa kutentha kwakukulu, vanadium imapanga mapangidwe a nanocrystalline okhala ndi silicon ndi sulfure, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti kusakhazikika pang'ono kukhale mpweya.
3. Kusamuka ndi Kusakhazikika kwa Nickel (Ni)
- Mitundu ya kupezeka: Nickel mu petroleum coke imapezeka makamaka mu mawonekedwe a sulfides (Ni₃S₂), oxides (NiO2), kapena silicates.
- Gawo lotentha pang'ono (<900°C): Nickel ilipo ngati Ni₃S₂, yokhala ndi kusinthasintha kochepa.
- Gawo la kutentha kwapakati (900–1200°C): Ni₃S₂ pang'onopang'ono imasintha kukhala NiS mu slag yamadzimadzi, kufika pa NiS yapamwamba kwambiri ya pafupifupi 22.4% pa 1200°C, isanabwerere ku Ni₃S₂ pamene kutentha kukukwera kwambiri.
- Gawo la kutentha kwambiri (>1400°C): Nikeli imasinthasintha mu mawonekedwe a zinthu za gaseous (monga, Ni(g), NiS(g)), koma Ni₃S₂ sisintha mwachindunji kukhala Ni(s) yolimba.
- Zinthu Zokhudza: Kusakhazikika kwa nickel kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi zinthu zopangitsa mpweya kukhala woipa (monga O₂, H₂O). Kuwonjezera kwa O₂ kumalepheretsa kusintha kwa Ni₃S₂ kukhala elemental Ni ndipo kumaletsa kupangika kwa ma spinel compounds (monga NiAl₂O₄).
4. Kusamuka ndi Kusakhazikika kwa Calcium (Ca)
- Mitundu ya kupezeka: Calcium mu petroleum coke imapezeka makamaka mu mawonekedwe a carbonates (CaCO₃), sulfates (CaSO₄), kapena silicates.
- Gawo lotentha pang'ono (<800°C): Ma carbonate amawola kukhala CaO ndi CO₂, pomwe ma sulfate amawola kukhala CaO ndi SO₃, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti calcium ikhale yambiri mu mawonekedwe a oxide.
- Gawo la kutentha kwapakati (800–1200°C): CaO imagwira ntchito ndi silicon ndi aluminiyamu kuti ipange mchere wosungunuka pang'ono (monga anorthite CaAl₂Si₂O₈), ndipo calcium ina imatsala mu mawonekedwe olimba.
- Gawo la kutentha kwambiri (>1200°C): Kusasinthasintha kwa calcium kumakhala kochepa, koma mchere wosungunuka pang'ono ukhoza kusungunuka pang'ono kapena kuwola kutentha kwambiri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti calcium isamuke mu mawonekedwe a gasi kapena madzi.
- Zinthu Zokhudza Kashiamu: Kusamuka kwa calcium kumakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi chiŵerengero cha silica-alumina ndi chiŵerengero cha iron-calcium. Kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha silica-alumina kumalimbikitsa kusintha kwa FeV₂O₄ kukhala V₂O₃, pomwe kuwonjezeka kwa chiŵerengero cha iron-calcium kumalepheretsa kupangika kwa CaAl₂Si₂O₈.
Mapangidwe Okwanira
- Kudalira kutentha: Kuchuluka kwa kutentha kwa zinthu zotsalira kumawonjezeka ndi kutentha, koma kutentha kwa kutentha kumasiyana kwambiri pakati pa zinthu (monga, vanadium imasinthasintha kwambiri kuposa 1100°C, pomwe nickel imakhala yofunika kwambiri kuposa 1400°C).
- Mphamvu ya mawonekedwe a zochitika: Zinthu zotsalira za organic-bound trace elements (monga organic vanadium) zimakhala zosinthasintha kuposa mitundu yokhazikika (monga vanadium oxides).
- Kuwongolera machitidwe a mankhwala: Kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zotsalira kumayendetsedwa ndi machitidwe okhala ndi sulfure ndi chlorine, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale malo otsika osungunuka kapena ma gaseous (monga Na₂S, VOₓ).
- Malangizo Oyendetsera Ntchito: Kulamulira kutentha kwa calcination, mlengalenga, ndi zowonjezera (monga, zosinthira chiŵerengero cha silica-alumina) kungachepetse kusinthasintha kwa zinthu zoopsa ndikukweza ubwino wa calcined coke.
Nthawi yotumizira: Epulo-17-2026