Momwe Ntchito Ikuyendera ndi Kusanthula kwa Ma Electrode a Graphite mu Zida za Anode za Mabatire a Lithium-Ion
1. Momwe Mungagwiritsire Ntchito: Graphite Ikulamulira Msika Koma Ikukumana ndi Mavuto Obwerezabwereza a Ukadaulo
1.1 Udindo Waukulu Msika
Zipangizo za graphite anode (kuphatikizapo graphite zachilengedwe ndi zopangidwa) zidakali zodziwika bwino mu ma anode a lithiamu-ion batri, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale zoposa 99% ya zotumizidwa padziko lonse lapansi mu 2024. Graphite yopangidwa, yokhala ndi ubwino monga kukhuthala kwakukulu, magwiridwe antchito abwino kwambiri (>1,500 cycles), ndi 93% yogwira ntchito bwino koyambirira, ikutsogolera gawo la mabatire amphamvu ndi gawo la msika loposa 80%. Monga wopanga wamkulu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi, China idapeza 负极材料 (zinthu za anode) zokwana matani 2.16 miliyoni mu 2024, zomwe zidatenga 98.5% ya msika wapadziko lonse, ndipo ma anode a graphite amapanga zoposa 75% ya chiwerengerochi.
1.2 Ubwino Wofunika Kwambiri wa Mtengo
Ma anode a graphite apeza ndalama zochepa kudzera mu kuchuluka kwa zinthu, ndipo mitengo ya graphite yopangidwa m'nyumba ku China yatsika kuchoka pa RMB 55,000/tani mu 2022 kufika pa RMB 16,500/tani mu 2024, zomwe zachepetsa ndi 21.43%. Kugwiritsa ntchito bwino ndalama kumeneku kumatsimikizira kuti anthu ambiri akugwiritsa ntchito zinthu zomwe zimawononga mitengo monga zamagetsi ndi malo osungira mphamvu.
1.3 Zopinga Zaukadaulo Zatsopano
Mphamvu yeniyeni ya Graphite ndi 372 mAh/g, yomwe ikuyandikira malire ake a ntchito ndipo ikuvutika kukwaniritsa kufunikira kwa "ultra-long range" mu magalimoto atsopano amphamvu (NEVs). Kufunafuna mphamvu zambiri m'mabatire amphamvu apamwamba kukuyendetsa patsogolo zinthu zatsopano monga ma anode okhala ndi silicon ndi carbon hard.
2. Zoyembekezeka Kugwiritsa Ntchito: Zosasinthika mu Nthawi Yaifupi Koma Zoopsa Zosintha mu Nthawi Yaitali
2.1 Kwa Nthawi Yaifupi (Zaka 3–5): Graphite Imakhalabe Pakati
- Kukula kwa Kufunika Kosatha: Kuwonjezeka kwa ma NEV ndi misika yosungiramo mphamvu kudzapangitsa kuti kufunidwa kwa zinthu za anode kuchitike, ndipo katundu wochokera ku China akuyembekezeka kufika matani 2.41 miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2025, ndipo ma anode a graphite akadali ndi zoposa 70%.
- Kukonza Ukadaulo Kumasunga Mpikisano: Ukadaulo wamadzimadzi wopaka utoto wawonjezera moyo wa graphite anode kupitirira ma cycle 2,000, pomwe mapangidwe a 3D okhala ndi ma pore amathandizira kuti kuyatsa mwachangu kwa mphindi 15 kufikire 80%, kukwaniritsa zofunikira zamagetsi ndi mabatire amagetsi otsika mtengo.
- Ubwino wa Mtengo Udakali Wosatsutsika: Zatsopano mu njira zopangira graphitization (monga, graphitization yopitilira) zimachepetsanso ndalama, pomwe ma anode okhala ndi silicon amakhalabe okwera mtengo nthawi 3-5, zomwe zimalepheretsa kugwiritsa ntchito misa kwakanthawi kochepa.
2.2 Nthawi Yaitali (Zaka 5–10): Ma Anode Ochokera ku Silicon Amapeza Mphamvu, Kufinya Gawo la Msika wa Graphite
- Kupita Patsogolo kwa Anode Yochokera ku Silicon: Kupita patsogolo kwa mapangidwe ang'onoang'ono, kukonza bwino kaboni, ndi ukadaulo wa pre-lithiation kwakweza magwiridwe antchito a gawo loyamba kufika pa 85%, kwawonjezera moyo wa kuzungulira kupitirira ma cycle 1,000, ndikuchepetsa ndalama ndi 60% kuchokera pamlingo wa 2022 kufika pa RMB 180/kg. Msika wapadziko lonse wa anode wochokera ku silicon ukuyembekezeka kufika pa RMB 30 biliyoni pofika chaka cha 2025, ndipo kulowa kwake kudzapitirira 10%, ndipo mwina 25% pofika chaka cha 2030.
- Ndondomeko ndi Zoyendetsa Msika: Malonda apadziko lonse a NEV akuyembekezeka kufika pa mayunitsi 60 miliyoni pofika chaka cha 2030, pomwe mphamvu yosungira mphamvu ikuyembekezeka kukula kuchokera pa 300 GWh mu 2025 mpaka 800 GWh mu 2030. Kufunikira kwakukulu kwa mphamvu kudzathandizira kukhazikitsidwa kwa ma anode okhala ndi silicon.
- Malo Opumulirako a Graphite: Ma anode a graphite amatha kubwerera ku mabatire amphamvu otsika mtengo, malo osungira mphamvu, ndi zamagetsi, ndipo gawo la msika limawonongeka ndi zinthu zina zapamwamba zochokera ku silicon, lithiamu-metal, ndi zina.
2.3 Zoopsa Zomwe Zingachitike Posinthana ndi Mabatire: Sodium-Ion ndi Solid-State Batteries
- Kugulitsa Mabatire a Sodium-Ion: Ngati mitengo ikutsika pansi pa RMB 0.3/Wh, mabatire a sodium-ion angasokoneze kufunikira kwa graphite anode, makamaka pakusunga mphamvu.
- Kusokonezeka kwa Mabatire Olimba: Kuphatikiza kwa ma electrolyte olimba ndi ma anode a lithiamu-metal kungasinthe mawonekedwe a anode, ngakhale kuti malonda akadalipo zaka 5-10.
3. Zochitika Zamakampani ndi Malangizo Anzeru
3.1 Malangizo Obwerezabwereza a Ukadaulo
- Ma Graphite Anode: Yang'anani kwambiri pakukweza magwiridwe antchito ochaja mwachangu (monga, zokutira zamadzimadzi), kuchepetsa ndalama (monga, graphitization yopitilira), komanso moyo wautali (monga, kapangidwe ka 3D kokhala ndi mapokoso).
- Ma Anode Ochokera ku Silicon: Kuyang'anira kukhwima kwa njira ya silicon-carbon ya CVD, kutukuka kwa mafakitale asanayambe kupangidwa, ndi kugwiritsa ntchito graphite-silicon composite (monga mayankho a BTR a S+i graphite).
- Ma Anode Omwe Akubwera: Ma anode a lithiamu-chitsulo ndi kaboni woboola m'mabatire a lithiamu-sulfure akulowa mu gawo loyesera, ndipo mapulojekiti ogwirizana ndi makampani ndi akatswiri awonjezeka katatu kuyambira 2022.
3.2 Malangizo a Ndondomeko ya Kampani
- Ndondomeko Yakanthawi Kakang'ono: Pangani ma anode a machitidwe a cathode okhala ndi nickel yambiri komanso ma silicon-carbon composites kuti muwonjezere phindu la zinthu.
- Ndondomeko Yanthawi Yaitali: Ikani ndalama mu ma patent ofunikira (monga kusintha kwa utoto, pre-lithiation) ndikulimbitsa mgwirizano ndi opanga mabatire apamwamba 5 padziko lonse lapansi kuti alimbikitse malo amsika.
- Kuchepetsa Chiwopsezo: Kuyika ndalama zosiyanasiyana mu ukadaulo wa graphite, silicon, ndi lithiamu-metal kuti muteteze ku zoopsa zosinthira; perekani patsogolo ogulitsa omwe ali ndi magwiridwe antchito amphamvu a ESG komanso njira zopangira zinthu zobiriwira.
4. Mapeto
Ma electrode a graphite akadali ofunikira kwambiri mu ma anode a batri ya lithiamu-ion kwakanthawi kochepa, zomwe zimathandizidwa ndi mtengo wawo wotsika, kukhazikika, komanso kusintha kwaukadaulo komwe kukuchitika. Komabe, kupita patsogolo kwa ma anode opangidwa ndi silicon komanso kufunikira kwa mphamvu zambiri mu ma NEV kumabweretsa zoopsa zosinthira kwa nthawi yayitali. Makampani ayenera kulinganiza zatsopano, kuwongolera ndalama, komanso kulimba mtima kwa unyolo wopereka mpaka kusintha kuchoka pa "kukula kwakukulu" kupita ku "kukweza khalidwe," zomwe pamapeto pake zimapangitsa kuti makampaniwa akhale ndi mphamvu zambiri, moyo wautali, komanso ndalama zochepa.
Nthawi yotumizira: Julayi-22-2025