Zipangizo zamitundu iwiri, monga graphene, ndizowoneka bwino pazogwiritsa ntchito wamba za semiconductor komanso kugwiritsa ntchito ma nascent pamagetsi osinthika. Komabe, kulimba kwamphamvu kwa graphene kumapangitsa kuti pakhale kupsinjika pang'ono, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti zikhale zovuta kutengerapo mwayi pamagetsi ake odabwitsa pamagetsi otambasuka. Kuti tithe kugwira bwino ntchito modalira ma graphene kondakitala, tidapanga ma graphene nanoscrolls pakati pa zigawo zomanga za graphene, zotchedwa multilayer graphene/graphene scroll (MGGs). Pazovuta, mipukutu ina inagwirizanitsa zigawo zogawanika za graphene kuti zikhalebe ndi makina otsekemera omwe amawathandiza kuti aziyenda bwino kwambiri pazovuta kwambiri. Ma Trilayer MGG omwe amathandizidwa ndi ma elastomers adasunga 65% ya machitidwe awo oyambira pa 100% kupsyinjika, komwe kumayenderana ndi njira yomwe ikuyenda pano, pomwe makanema atatu a graphene opanda nanoscrolls adasunga 25% yokha yamayendedwe awo oyambira. Transistor yotambasulidwa yopangidwa ndi ma MGGs ngati maelekitirodi amawonetsa ma transmittance> 90% ndikusunga 60% ya zomwe zidatulutsa pakali pano pa 120% strain (kufanana ndi momwe amayendera). Ma transistors otambasulidwa kwambiri komanso owoneka bwino a kaboni onse amatha kupangitsa ma optoelectronics apamwamba kwambiri.
Zamagetsi zowoneka bwino ndi gawo lomwe likukula lomwe lili ndi ntchito zofunika kwambiri pamakina apamwamba a biointegrated (1, 2) komanso kuthekera kophatikizana ndi ma optoelectronics otambasuka (3, 4) kuti apange ma robotiki ofewa apamwamba ndi zowonetsera. Graphene imawonetsa zinthu zofunika kwambiri za makulidwe a atomiki, kuwonekera kwambiri, komanso kuwongolera kwakukulu, koma kukhazikitsidwa kwake pamapulogalamu otambasuka kumalepheretsedwa ndi chizolowezi chake chophwanyira tinthu tating'onoting'ono. Kuthana ndi zoletsa zamakina a graphene kumatha kupangitsa magwiridwe antchito atsopano pazida zowonekera bwino.
Makhalidwe apadera a graphene amapangitsa kuti akhale woyenera kwa m'badwo wotsatira wa ma elekitirodi owoneka bwino (5, 6). Poyerekeza ndi wokonda ntchito mandala kondakitala, indium tini okusayidi [ITO; 100 ohms/square (sq) pa 90% transparency ], monolayer graphene wokula ndi mankhwala nthunzi mafunsidwe (CVD) ali osakaniza ofanana pepala kukana (125 ohms/sq) ndi transparency (97.4%) (5). Kuphatikiza apo, makanema a graphene ali ndi kusinthasintha kodabwitsa poyerekeza ndi ITO (7). Mwachitsanzo, pa pulasitiki gawo lapansi, mayendetsedwe ake amatha kusungidwa ngakhale utali wopindika wopindika waung'ono ngati 0.8 mm (8). Kuti apititse patsogolo ntchito yake yamagetsi ngati kondakitala wowoneka bwino, ntchito zam'mbuyomu zapanga zida zosakanizidwa za graphene zokhala ndi ma nanowires asiliva amodzi (1D) kapena ma carbon nanotubes (CNTs) (9-11). Kuphatikiza apo, graphene yakhala ikugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati ma elekitirodi a ma electrode osakanikirana a heterostructural semiconductors (monga 2D bulk Si, 1D nanowires/nanotubes, ndi 0D quantum dots ) (12), ma transistors osinthika, ma cell a solar, ndi ma light-emitting diode (LEDs) (13) -23).
Ngakhale kuti graphene yawonetsa zotsatira zodalirika zamakina osinthika, kugwiritsa ntchito kwake mumagetsi otambasuka kumachepetsedwa ndi makina ake (17, 24, 25); graphene ili ndi kuuma kwa ndege kwa 340 N/m ndi modulus ya Young ya 0.5 TPa (26). Netiweki yamphamvu ya kaboni-carbon sipereka njira zilizonse zochotsera mphamvu pazovuta zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito chifukwa chake zimasweka mosavuta pazovuta zosakwana 5%. Mwachitsanzo, CVD graphene anasamutsidwa pa polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) zotanuka gawo lapansi akhoza kusunga madutsidwe ake pa zosakwana 6% kupsyinjika (8). Kuwerengera kwamalingaliro kumawonetsa kuti kudumpha ndi kuyanjana pakati pa zigawo zosiyanasiyana kuyenera kuchepetsa kuuma (26). Posanjikiza graphene m'magulu angapo, akuti graphene ya bi- kapena trilayer imatha kutambasulidwa mpaka 30% kupsinjika, kuwonetsa kusintha kwamphamvu ka 13 kocheperako kuposa monolayer graphene (27). Komabe, kutambasula uku kumakhalabe kotsika kwambiri poyerekeza ndi ma c onductor omwe amatha kutambasula (28, 29).
Ma transistors ndi ofunikira pamapulogalamu otambasulidwa chifukwa amathandizira kuwerenga kwanzeru komanso kusanthula ma siginecha (30, 31). Ma transistors pa PDMS okhala ndi ma graphene amitundu yambiri monga magwero / kukhetsa maelekitirodi ndi ma tchanelo amatha kugwira ntchito yamagetsi mpaka 5% zovuta (32), zomwe ndizotsika kwambiri pamtengo wocheperako (~ 50%) pazovala zowonera thanzi ndi khungu lamagetsi ( 33 ndime 34). Posachedwapa, njira ya graphene kirigami yafufuzidwa, ndipo transistor yoyendetsedwa ndi electrolyte yamadzimadzi imatha kutambasulidwa mpaka 240% (35). Komabe, njirayi imafuna graphene yoyimitsidwa, yomwe imapangitsa kuti pakhale zovuta kupanga.
Apa, timakwaniritsa zida za graphene zotambasulidwa kwambiri pophatikiza mipukutu ya graphene (~ 1 mpaka 20 μm kutalika, ~ 0.1 mpaka 1 μm m'lifupi, ndi ~ 10 mpaka 100 nm kutalika) pakati pa zigawo za graphene. Timalingalira kuti mipukutu ya grapheneyi ingapereke njira zoyendetsera ming'alu ya mapepala a graphene, motero kukhalabe ndi khalidwe lapamwamba pansi pa zovuta. Mipukutu ya graphene safuna kaphatikizidwe kapena ndondomeko yowonjezera; iwo amapangidwa mwachibadwa panthawi yonyowa kutengerapo ndondomeko. Pogwiritsa ntchito multilayer G/G (graphene/graphene) mipukutu (MGGs) graphene stretchable electrodes (gwero/kukhetsa ndi chipata) ndi semiconducting CNTs, tinatha kusonyeza kwambiri mandala ndi kwambiri stretchable onse mpweya transistors, amene akhoza anatambasula kuti 120 % kupsyinjika (kufanana ndi komwe amayendera) ndikusunga 60% yazotulutsa zawo zoyambirira. Iyi ndiye transistor yowoneka bwino kwambiri yochokera ku kaboni mpaka pano, ndipo imapereka mphamvu zokwanira kuyendetsa ma inorganic LED.
Kuti tithandizire maelekitirodi a graphene owoneka bwino kwambiri, tidasankha ma graphene opangidwa ndi CVD pa Cu zojambulazo. Chojambula cha Cu chinaimitsidwa pakati pa chubu cha quartz cha CVD kuti chilole kukula kwa graphene kumbali zonse, kupanga mapangidwe a G/Cu/G. Kusamutsa graphene, ife choyamba sapota TACHIMATA wosanjikiza woonda wa poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) kuteteza mbali imodzi ya graphene, amene ife anatchula pamwamba graphene (mosinthanitsa kwa mbali ina ya graphene), ndipo kenako, filimu yonse (PMMA/top graphene/Cu/bottom graphene) idalowetsedwa mu (NH4)2S2O8 yankho kuti achotse zojambulazo za Cu. Ma graphene akumunsi opanda zokutira PMMA mosapeweka adzakhala ndi ming'alu ndi zolakwika zomwe zimalola kuti cholowa chilowetse (36, 37). Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu. 1A, chifukwa cha zovuta zapamtunda, madera omasulidwa a graphene adakulungidwa mumipukutu ndipo kenako amangirizidwa pafilimu yotsala ya G/PMMA. Mipukutu ya top-G/G imatha kusamutsidwa pagawo lililonse, monga SiO2/Si, galasi, kapena polima yofewa. Kubwereza ndondomekoyi kangapo pa gawo lomwelo kumapereka mapangidwe a MGG.
(A) Chithunzi chojambula cha njira yopangira ma MGGs ngati electrode yotambasula. Pa kutengerapo kwa graphene, kumbuyo kwa graphene pa Cu zojambulazo kunathyoledwa pamalire ndi zolakwika, kukulungidwa m'mawonekedwe osagwirizana, ndikumangirizidwa mwamphamvu kumafilimu apamwamba, kupanga nanoscrolls. Chojambula chachinayi chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a MGG. (B ndi C) High-resolution TEM characterizations of monolayer MGG, molunjika pa monolayer graphene (B) ndi mpukutu (C) dera, motero. Chigawo cha (B) ndi chithunzi chochepa chosonyeza maonekedwe a monolayer MGG pa gridi ya TEM. Zikhazikiko za (C) ndi mawonekedwe akulimba omwe amatengedwa m'mabokosi amakona anayi omwe awonetsedwa pachithunzichi, pomwe mtunda wapakati pa ndege za atomiki ndi 0.34 ndi 0.41 nm. (D ) Sipekitiramu ya Carbon K-edge EEL yokhala ndi nsonga zojambulidwa ndi π* ndi σ* zolembedwa. (E) Chithunzi chachigawo cha AFM cha mipukutu ya monolayer G/G yokhala ndi mbiri yayitali pamzere wa madontho achikasu. (F to I) Optical microscopy ndi AFM image s za trilayer G wopanda (F ndi H) ndi mipukutu (G ndi I) pa 300-nm-thick SiO2/Si substrates, motsatana. Mipukutu yoyimira ndi makwinya idalembedwa kuti iwonetse kusiyana kwawo.
Kuti titsimikizire kuti mipukutuyo ndi ya graphene m'chilengedwe, tidachita maphunziro owonera ma electron microscopy (TEM) ndi ma electron energy loss (EEL) pamipukutu ya monolayer top-G/G. Chithunzi 1B chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a hexagonal a monolayer graphene, ndipo choyikapo chake ndi mawonekedwe onse a filimuyo ataphimbidwa pa dzenje limodzi la mpweya wa gridi ya TEM. The monolayer graphene spans ambiri gululi, ndi ena flakes graphene pamaso pa milu angapo hexagonal mphete kuoneka (mkuyu. 1B). Ndi makulitsidwe mu munthu mpukutu (mkuyu. 1C), tinaona kuchuluka kwa graphene latisi m'mphepete, ndi katayanitsidwe latisi mu osiyanasiyana 0,34 kuti 0,41 nm. Miyezo iyi ikuwonetsa kuti ma flakes amakulungidwa mwachisawawa ndipo si graphite yabwino, yomwe ili ndi malo otalikirana ndi 0.34 nm mu "ABAB" wosanjikiza. Chithunzi 1D chikuwonetsa mawonekedwe a carbon K-edge EEL, pomwe nsonga ya 285 eV imachokera ku π* orbital ndipo ina yozungulira 290 eV ndi chifukwa cha kusintha kwa σ* orbital. Zitha kuwoneka kuti kulumikizana kwa sp2 kumatsogola pamapangidwe awa, kutsimikizira kuti mipukutuyo ndi yojambula kwambiri.
Zithunzi za microscope ndi atomic force microscopy (AFM) zimapereka chidziwitso pa kugawa kwa graphene nanoscrolls mu MGGs (mkuyu 1, E mpaka G, ndi nkhuyu. S1 ndi S2). Mipukutuyo imagawidwa mwachisawawa pamtunda, ndipo kachulukidwe kake ka ndege kumawonjezeka molingana ndi kuchuluka kwa zigawo zosungidwa. Mipukutu yambiri imalumikizidwa kukhala mfundo ndipo imawonetsa kutalika kwa 10 mpaka 100 nm. Ndi 1 mpaka 20 μm kutalika ndi 0.1 mpaka 1 μm m'lifupi, kutengera kukula kwa ma graphene flakes awo oyamba. Monga momwe mkuyu 1 (H ndi ine), mipukutu ndi zazikulu kwambiri kukula kwake kuposa makwinya, zikubweretsa kwambiri rougher mawonekedwe pakati pa zigawo graphene.
Kuti tiyeze mphamvu zamagetsi, tidapanga mafilimu a graphene okhala ndi mipukutu kapena opanda mipukutu ndi kusanjikizana mu mizere ya 300-μm-wide ndi 2000-μm-utali pogwiritsa ntchito Photolithography. Kukaniza kwa ma probe awiri monga ntchito ya kupsyinjika kunayesedwa pansi pamikhalidwe yozungulira. Kukhalapo kwa mipukutu kunachepetsa mphamvu ya resistivity ya monolayer graphene ndi 80% ndi kuchepa kwa 2.2% kokha mu transmittance (mkuyu. S4). Izi zimatsimikizira kuti ma nanoscrolls, omwe ali ndi mphamvu zambiri zamakono mpaka 5 × 107 A / cm2 (38, 39), amapereka chithandizo chabwino kwambiri chamagetsi ku MGGs. Pakati pa ma mono-, bi-, ndi trilayer plain graphene ndi MGGs, trilayer MGG ili ndi machitidwe abwino kwambiri owonetsetsa pafupifupi 90%. Poyerekeza ndi magwero ena a graphene ananena m'mabuku, ifenso anayeza anayi kafukufuku pepala resistances (mkuyu. S5) ndi kutchulidwa ntchito ya transmittance pa 550 nm (mkuyu. S6) mu Mkuyu. 2A. MGG imawonetsa kufananitsa kapena kupitilira apo komanso kuwonekera kuposa kuyika multila yer plain graphene ndikuchepetsa graphene oxide (RGO) (6, 8, 18). Dziwani kuti kukana kwa mapepala a multilayer plain graphene kuchokera m'mabuku ndikokwera pang'ono kuposa MGG yathu, mwina chifukwa cha kukula kwawo kosasinthika komanso njira yosinthira .
(A) Kukaniza kwa mapepala anayi motsutsana ndi kufalikira kwa 550 nm kwa mitundu ingapo ya graphene, pomwe mabwalo akuda amatanthauza mono-, bi-, ndi trilayer MGGs; zozungulira zofiira ndi makona atatu abuluu zimayenderana ndi ma multilayer plain graphene omwe amakula pa Cu ndi Ni kuchokera ku maphunziro a Li et al. (6) ndi Kim et al. (8), motsatira, ndipo kenako anasamutsidwa ku SiO2/Si kapena quartz; ndi makona atatu obiriwira ndizofunika za RGO pamadigiri ochepetsera osiyanasiyana kuchokera ku kafukufuku wa Bonaccorso et al. ( 18 ). (B ndi C) Kusintha kwachibadwa kukana kwa mono-, bi- ndi trilayer MGGs ndi G monga ntchito ya perpendicular (B) ndi parallel (C) kupsyinjika kwa kayendetsedwe ka kayendetsedwe kake. (D) Kusintha kokhazikika kwa bilayer G (wofiira) ndi MGG (wakuda) pansi pa cyclic strain kutsitsa mpaka 50% perpendicular strain. (E) Kusintha kokhazikika kwa trilayer G (wofiira) ndi MGG (wakuda) pansi pa cyclic strain kutsitsa mpaka 90% yofanana. (F) Kusintha kwachibadwa kwa capacitance kwa mono-, bi- ndi trilayer G ndi bi- ndi trilayer MGGs monga functio n of strain. Choyikapo ndi mawonekedwe a capacitor, pomwe gawo lapansi la polima ndi SEBS ndipo gawo la dielectric la polima ndi SEBS 2-μm-thick.
Kuti tiwone momwe MGG imagwirira ntchito modalira kupsinjika, tinasamutsa graphene ku thermoplastic elastomer styrene-ethylene-butadiene-styrene (SEBS) (~ 2 cm mulifupi ndi ~ 5 cm kutalika), ndipo ma conductivity anayesedwa pamene gawo lapansi linatambasulidwa. (onani Zida ndi Njira) zonse perpendicular ndi zofanana ndi zomwe zikuyenda panopa (Mkuyu 2, B ndi C). Mayendedwe amagetsi omwe amadalira zovuta adayenda bwino ndikuphatikizidwa kwa nanoscrolls komanso kuchuluka kwa zigawo za graphene. Mwachitsanzo, pamene mavuto ndi perpendicular otaya panopa, kwa monolayer graphene, Kuwonjezera mipukutu anawonjezera mavuto pa breakage magetsi kuchokera 5 mpaka 70%. The kupsyinjika kulolerana kwa trilayer graphene nawonso kwambiri bwino poyerekeza ndi monolayer graphene. Ndi nanoscrolls, pa 100% perpendicular mavuto, kukana kwa trilayer MGG kapangidwe kokha chinawonjezeka ndi 50%, poyerekeza 300% kwa trilayer graphene popanda mipukutu. Kusintha kwa kukana pansi pa cyclic strain loading kunafufuzidwa. Poyerekeza (mkuyu. 2D), kutsutsa kwa filimu ya plain bilayer graphene kunakula pafupifupi nthawi za 7.5 pambuyo pa ~ 700 kuzungulira pa 50% perpendicular kupsyinjika ndikupitiriza kuwonjezeka ndi kupsyinjika kulikonse. Komano, kukana kwa bilayer MGG kunangowonjezera nthawi za 2.5 pambuyo pa ~ 700 kuzungulira. Kugwiritsa ntchito mpaka 90% kupsyinjika pamodzi malangizo kufanana, kukana kwa trilayer graphene chinawonjezeka ~ 100 zina pambuyo 1000 m'zinthu, pamene ndi ~ 8 zina mu trilayer MGG (mkuyu. 2E). Zotsatira zapanjinga zikuwonetsedwa mkuyu. S7. Kuwonjezeka kofulumira kwa kukana komwe kumayenderana ndi njira yofananira ndi chifukwa momwe ming'alu imayendera ndizomwe zimayendera pakalipano. Kupatuka kwa kukana panthawi yotsitsa ndi kutsitsa kumachitika chifukwa cha kuchira kwa viscoelastic kwa gawo lapansi la SEBS elastomer. Kukaniza kokhazikika kwa mikwingwirima ya MGG pakuyenda panjinga ndi chifukwa cha kukhalapo kwa mipukutu yayikulu yomwe imatha kulumikiza mbali zosweka za graphene (monga momwe zimayendera ndi AFM), zomwe zimathandiza kusunga njira yodutsa. Zodabwitsazi zosunga ma conductivity mwa njira yoboola zidanenedwapo kale pamakanema achitsulo osweka kapena a semiconductor pagawo la elastomer (40, 41).
Kuti tiwunike mafilimu opangidwa ndi graphene ngati ma electrode a pachipata pazida zotambasula, tinaphimba graphene wosanjikiza ndi SEBS dielectric wosanjikiza (2 μm wandiweyani) ndi kuyang'anira dielectric capacitance kusintha monga ntchito kupsyinjika (onani Mkuyu 2F ndi Supplementary Materials kwa zambiri). Tidawona kuti ma elekitirodi okhala ndi monolayer ndi bilayer graphene maelekitirodi adachepa mwachangu chifukwa chakuwonongeka kwa makonzedwe a graphene mu ndege. Mosiyana ndi izi, ma capacitances opangidwa ndi MGGs komanso plain trilayer graphene adawonetsa kuwonjezeka kwa capacitance ndi zovuta, zomwe zikuyembekezeka chifukwa cha kuchepa kwa makulidwe a dielectric ndi zovuta. Kuwonjezeka koyembekezeka kwa capacitance kumagwirizana bwino ndi dongosolo la MGG (mkuyu S8). Izi zikuwonetsa kuti MGG ndiyoyenera ngati electrode pachipata cha transistors otambasuka.
Kufufuzanso ntchito ya 1D graphene mpukutu pa kupsyinjika kulolerana madutsidwe magetsi ndi bwino kulamulira kulekana pakati pa zigawo graphene, ife ntchito kutsitsi TACHIMATA CNTs m'malo mipukutu graphene (onani Supplementary Materials). Kuti titsanzire mapangidwe a MGG, tidayika ma CNTs atatu (ndiko kuti, CNT1).
(A mpaka C) Zithunzi za AFM zamakachulukidwe atatu osiyanasiyana a CNTs (CNT1
Kuti timvetsetse kuthekera kwawo ngati maelekitirodi amagetsi otambasulidwa, tidafufuza mwadongosolo ma morphologies a MGG ndi G-CNT-G movutikira. Mawonekedwe a microscopy ndi kupanga sikani ma electron microscopy (SEM) si njira zowonetsera bwino chifukwa zonse zilibe kusiyana kwa mitundu ndipo SEM imakhudzidwa ndi zojambula zazithunzi panthawi yojambula ma elekitironi pamene graphene ili pazitsulo za polima (nkhuyu. S9 ndi S10). Kuwona mu situ graphene pamwamba pansi kupsyinjika, tinasonkhanitsa AFM miyeso pa trilayer MGGs ndi plain graphene pambuyo kusamutsira pa woonda kwambiri (~0.1 mm wandiweyani) ndi zotanuka SEBS gawo lapansi. Chifukwa cha chilema mu CVD graphene ndi extrinsic kuwonongeka pa kulanda ndondomeko, ming'alu mosalephera kwaiye pa graphene anasefukira, ndi kuchuluka mavuto, ming'alu anakhala wandiweyani (mkuyu. 4, A kuti D). Malinga ndi stacking dongosolo la maelekitirodi mpweya ofotokoza, ndi ming'alu amasonyeza morphologies osiyana (mkuyu. S11) (27). Mng'alu kachulukidwe m'dera (otchulidwa mng'alu / malo kusanthula) wa multilayer graphene ndi zochepa kuposa monolayer graphene pambuyo mavuto, amene n'zogwirizana ndi kuwonjezeka madutsidwe magetsi kwa MGGs. Kumbali ina, mipukutu nthawi zambiri imayang'aniridwa kuti itseke ming'alu, kupereka njira zowonjezera zowonjezera mufilimu yophwanyidwa. Mwachitsanzo, monga olembedwa chifaniziro cha mkuyu. 4B, mpukutu lonse anawoloka mng'alu mu trilayer MGG, koma palibe mpukutu ankaona mu chigwa graphene (mkuyu. 4, E kuti H). Mofananamo , CNTs komanso mlatho ming'alu mu graphene (mkuyu. S11). Kachulukidwe ka malo ong'aluka, kachulukidwe ka mpukutu, ndi makulidwe a mafilimu akufotokozedwa mwachidule mkuyu. 4K.
(A mpaka H) Mu situ AFM zithunzi za trilayer G/G mipukutu (A mpaka D) ndi trilayer G zomangidwa (E mpaka H) pa SEBS woonda kwambiri (~0.1 mm thick) elastomer pa 0, 20, 60, ndi 100 % zovuta. Woyimira ming'alu ndi mipukutu amaloza ndi mivi. Zithunzi zonse za AFM zili m'dera la 15 μm × 15 μm, pogwiritsa ntchito mizere yofanana yamitundu yomwe yalembedwa. (I) Mayesero a geometry a ma elekitikiti a monolayer graphene pagawo la SEBS. (J) Mapu otsatsira amtundu waukulu wa logarithmic mu monolayer graphene ndi gawo laling'ono la SEBS pa 20% kupsinjika kwakunja. (K) Kuyerekeza kuchuluka kwa malo ong'aluka (mzere wofiyira), kuchuluka kwa malo opukutira (mzati wachikasu), ndi makulidwe a pamwamba (mzati wabuluu) pamapangidwe osiyanasiyana a graphene.
Mafilimu a MGG akatambasulidwa, pali njira yowonjezera yowonjezera yomwe mipukutu imatha kulumikiza zigawo zosweka za graphene, kukhalabe ndi makina otsekemera. Mipukutu ya graphene ndi yodalirika chifukwa imatha kukhala ma micrometer makumi ambiri m'litali motero imatha kutsekereza ming'alu yomwe nthawi zambiri imakhala mpaka sikelo ya micrometer. Komanso, chifukwa mipukutuyo imakhala ndi ma multilayer a graphene, akuyembekezeka kukhala ndi mphamvu zochepa. Poyerekeza, ma netiweki a CNT omwe ali wandiweyani (otsika kwambiri) amafunikira kuti apereke kuthekera kofananira ndi ma bridging, popeza ma CNT ndi ang'onoang'ono (nthawi zambiri amakhala ndi ma micrometer angapo m'litali) komanso ocheperako kuposa mipukutu. M'malo mwake, monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu. S12, pamene graphene ming'alu pamene anatambasula kuti agwirizane kupsyinjika, mipukutu musati kusweka, kusonyeza kuti yotsirizira mwina kutsetsereka pa graphene m'munsi. Chifukwa chomwe samasweka ndi chifukwa cha mawonekedwe opindika, opangidwa ndi zigawo zambiri za graphene (~1 mpaka 2 0 μm kutalika, ~ 0.1 mpaka 1 μm m'lifupi, ndi ~ 10 mpaka 100 nm kutalika), apamwamba kwambiri modulus kuposa single-wosanjikiza graphene. Malinga ndi Green ndi Hersam (42), zitsulo CNT maukonde (chubu awiri a 1.0 nm) akhoza kukwaniritsa otsika pepala kukana <100 ohms/sq ngakhale lalikulu mphambano kukana pakati CNTs. Poganizira kuti mipukutu yathu ya graphene ili ndi m'lifupi mwake 0,1 mpaka 1 μm ndi kuti mipukutu ya G/G ili ndi madera akuluakulu okhudzana ndi CNTs, kukana kukhudzana ndi kukhudzana kwapakati pa mipukutu ya graphene ndi graphene sikuyenera kukhala zolepheretsa kuti zikhalebe ndi khalidwe labwino.
Graphene ili ndi modulus yapamwamba kwambiri kuposa gawo lapansi la SEBS. Ngakhale kuti makulidwe ogwira ntchito a elekitirodi ya graphene ndi otsika kwambiri kuposa gawo lapansi, kuuma kwa nthawi ya graphene makulidwe ake amafanana ndi gawo lapansi (43, 44), zomwe zimapangitsa kuti pakhale chisumbu chokhazikika. Tidatengera kusinthika kwa graphene ya 1-nm-thick pagawo la SEBS (onani Zida Zowonjezera kuti mumve zambiri). Malinga ndi zotsatira zofananira, pamene 20% kupsyinjika kumagwiritsidwa ntchito ku gawo lapansi la SEBS kunja, kupsinjika kwapakati pa graphene ndi ~ 6.6% (mkuyu 4J ndi mkuyu. S13D), zomwe zimagwirizana ndi zowunikira zoyesera (onani mkuyu. . Tidayerekeza kupsyinjika kwa graphene ndi zigawo zapansi panthaka pogwiritsa ntchito microscope ya kuwala ndipo tidapeza kuti kupsyinjika kwa gawo la gawo lapansi kumakhala pafupifupi kuwirikiza kawiri kupsinjika m'chigawo cha graphene. Izi zikusonyeza kuti kupsyinjika ntchito pa graphene elekitirodi mapatani atha kukhala kwambiri wotsekeredwa, kupanga graphene ouma zilumba pamwamba SEBS (26, 43, 44).
Choncho, mphamvu ya maelekitirodi MGG kukhala madutsidwe mkulu pansi kupsyinjika mkulu mwina chinatheka ndi njira zikuluzikulu ziwiri: (i) Mipukutu akhoza mlatho madera olumikizidwa kuti akhalebe conductive percolation njira, ndi (ii) ndi multilayer graphene mapepala/elastomer akhoza Wopanda. wina ndi mzake, zomwe zimapangitsa kuchepa kwa mphamvu pa ma electrode a graphene. Pazigawo zingapo za graphene yosamutsidwa pa elastomer, zigawozo sizimangirizidwa mwamphamvu wina ndi mnzake, zomwe zimatha kutsika poyankha kupsinjika (27). Mipukutuyo inawonjezeranso kuuma kwa zigawo za graphene, zomwe zingathandize kuonjezera kulekana pakati pa zigawo za graphene motero kumapangitsa kutsetsereka kwa zigawo za graphene.
Zipangizo zama kaboni onse zimatsatiridwa mwachangu chifukwa chotsika mtengo komanso kutulutsa kwamphamvu. Kwa ife, ma transistors onse a carbon anapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito chipata chapansi cha graphene, pamwamba pa graphene source / drainage contact, CNT semiconductor yosankhidwa, ndi SEBS monga dielectric (Mkuyu 5A). Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 5B, chipangizo cha kaboni chonse chokhala ndi CNTs monga gwero / kukhetsa ndi chipata (chipangizo chapansi) chimakhala chowonekera kwambiri kuposa chipangizo chokhala ndi ma electrode a graphene (chipangizo chapamwamba). Ichi ndi chifukwa CNT maukonde amafuna makulidwe okulirapo ndipo, chifukwa chake, transmittances otsika kuwala kuti tikwaniritse kukana mapepala ofanana ndi graphene (mkuyu. S4). Chithunzi 5 (C ndi D) chikuwonetsa zokhotakhota zoyimira ndi zokhotakhota musanayambe kupsinjika kwa transistor yopangidwa ndi maelekitirodi a bilayer MGG. M'lifupi mwa njira ndi kutalika kwa transistor yosasunthika inali 800 ndi 100 μm, motsatana. Chiyerekezo choyezedwa pa/chozimitsa ndi chachikulu kuposa 103 ndi mafunde a on and off pamlingo wa 10−5 ndi 10−8 A, motsatana. Mapindikira otuluka amawonetsa njira zofananira bwino komanso zama saturation zodalira bwino pachipata-voltage, kuwonetsa kulumikizana koyenera pakati pa CNTs ndi ma electrode a graphene (45). Kukhudzana kukana ndi maelekitirodi graphene ankaona kukhala m'munsi kuposa ndi chamunthuyo Au filimu (onani mkuyu. S14). Machulukidwe a transistor otambasulidwa ndi pafupifupi 5.6 cm2 / Vs, ofanana ndi ma transistors a CNT omwe amasankhidwa ndi polima pamagawo olimba a Si okhala ndi 300-nm SiO2 ngati gawo la dielectric. Kuwongolera kwina kwakuyenda ndikotheka ndi kachulukidwe kachubu ndi mitundu ina ya machubu (46).
(A) Dongosolo la graphene-based stretchable transistor. SWNTs, ma nanotube okhala ndi khoma limodzi. (B) Chithunzi cha ma transistors otambasuka opangidwa ndi ma electrode a graphene (pamwamba) ndi ma electrode a CNT (pansi). Kusiyana kwa kuwonekera kumawonekera bwino. (C ndi D) Kusamutsa ndi kutulutsa zokhotakhota za transistor yochokera ku graphene pa SEBS musanayambe kupsinjika. (E ndi F) Choka zokhotakhota, pa ndi kuchoka panopa, pa/off chiŵerengero, ndi kuyenda kwa graphene ofotokoza transistor pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana.
Chida chowonekera, chopangidwa ndi kaboni yonse chidatambasulidwa kunjira yofananira ndi njira yoyendera, kuwonongeka kochepa kudawoneka mpaka kupsinjika kwa 120%. Panthawi yotambasula, kuyenda kumacheperachepera kuchokera ku 5.6 cm2 / Vs pa 0% kupsyinjika mpaka 2.5 cm2 / Vs pa 120% kupsyinjika (mkuyu 5F). Tidayerekezanso magwiridwe antchito a transistor pamatali osiyanasiyana amakanema (onani tebulo S1). Makamaka, pazovuta zazikulu ngati 105%, ma transistors onsewa adawonetsabe kuchuluka kwa / off (> 103) ndi kuyenda (> 3 cm2 / Vs). Kuphatikiza apo, tafotokoza mwachidule ntchito zonse zaposachedwa za ma transistors a carbon (onani tebulo S2) (47-52). Mwa kukhathamiritsa kupanga zida pa ma elastomers ndikugwiritsa ntchito ma MGG ngati olumikizana nawo, ma transistors athu onse a kaboni amawonetsa magwiridwe antchito abwino poyenda ndi kunjenjemera komanso kukhala otambasuka kwambiri.
Monga ntchito ya transistor yowonekera bwino komanso yotambasuka, tidagwiritsa ntchito kuwongolera kusintha kwa LED (mkuyu 6A). Monga momwe tawonetsera mkuyu 6B, kuwala kobiriwira kwa LED kumawoneka bwino kudzera mu chipangizo chotambasula cha carbon-carbon choyikidwa pamwamba. Ngakhale kutambasula ku ~ 100% (mkuyu 6, C ndi D), kuwala kwa kuwala kwa LED sikumasintha, zomwe zimagwirizana ndi machitidwe a transistor omwe afotokozedwa pamwambapa (onani kanema S1). Ili ndi lipoti loyamba la magawo owongolera otambasulidwa opangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito ma electrode a graphene, kuwonetsa kuthekera kwatsopano kwamagetsi otambasulidwa a graphene.
(A) Kuzungulira kwa transistor kuyendetsa LED. GND, pansi. (B) Chithunzi cha transistor yotambasulidwa komanso yowonekera pa 0% yamagetsi yokwera pamwamba pa LED yobiriwira. (C) Transistor yowoneka bwino komanso yotambasuka yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito posinthira ma LED imayikidwa pamwamba pa LED pa 0% (kumanzere) ndi ~ 100% kupsyinjika (kumanja). Mivi yoyera imaloza ngati zolembera zachikasu pa chipangizocho kuti ziwonetse kusintha kwamtunda komwe kumatambasulidwa. (D) Mawonedwe am'mbali a transistor yotambasulidwa, ndi LED ikankhidwira mu elastomer.
Pomaliza, tapanga mawonekedwe owoneka bwino a graphene omwe amasunga ma conductivity apamwamba pansi pa zovuta zazikulu monga maelekitirodi otambasuka, othandizidwa ndi graphene nanoscrolls pakati pa zigawo zodzaza za graphene. Izi bi- ndi trilayer MGG elekitirodi nyumba pa elastomer akhoza kukhala 21 ndi 65%, motero, awo 0% mavuto conductivities pa kupsyinjika monga mkulu monga 100%, poyerekeza ndi imfa wathunthu madutsidwe pa 5% mavuto kwa lililonse monolayer graphene maelekitirodi. . Njira zowonjezera za mipukutu ya graphene komanso kusagwirizana kofooka pakati pa zigawo zomwe zasamutsidwa zimathandizira kuti kukhazikika kwapamwamba kwapangidwe pansi pa zovuta. Tinagwiritsanso ntchito mawonekedwe a graphenewa kuti apange ma transistors otambasuka a kaboni onse. Pakadali pano, iyi ndiye transistor yotambasuka kwambiri yochokera ku graphene yokhala ndi kuwonekera bwino popanda kugwiritsa ntchito buckling. Ngakhale kuti phunziroli linachitika kuti graphene ikhale yamagetsi otambasulidwa, tikukhulupirira kuti njirayi ikhoza kuwonjezeredwa ku zipangizo zina za 2D kuti athe kutambasula magetsi a 2D.
Malo akuluakulu a CVD graphene anakulira pa zojambula zoyimitsidwa za Cu (99.999%; Alfa Aesar) pansi pa kukakamizidwa kosalekeza kwa 0.5 mtorr ndi 50-SCCM (wamba kiyubiki centimita pamphindi) CH4 ndi 20-SCCM H2 monga zoyambira pa 1000 ° C. Mbali zonse ziwiri za Cu zojambulazo zidakutidwa ndi monolayer graphene. Chosanjikiza chopyapyala cha PMMA (2000 rpm; A4, Microchem) chinali chophimbidwa mbali imodzi ya zojambulazo za Cu, kupanga mawonekedwe a PMMA/G/Cu/G. kenako, filimu yonseyo idaviikidwa mu 0.1 M ammonium persulfate [(NH4)2S2O8] yankho kwa maola pafupifupi 2 kuti achotse zojambulazo za Cu. Panthawiyi, graphene yosatetezedwa kumbuyo inayamba kung'ambika m'malire a tirigu ndiyeno idakulungidwa mu mipukutu chifukwa cha zovuta zapansi. Mipukutuyo inamangirizidwa pafilimu ya pamwamba ya graphene yothandizidwa ndi PMMA, kupanga mipukutu ya PMMA/G/G. Makanemawo adatsukidwa m'madzi osakanizidwa kangapo ndikuyika pagawo lomwe mukufuna, monga SiO2 / Si yolimba kapena pulasitiki. filimuyo itangowuma pa gawo lapansi, chitsanzocho chinalowetsedwa mu acetone motsatizana, 1: 1 acetone / IPA (isopropyl alcohol), ndi IPA kwa 30 s aliyense kuchotsa PMMA. Mafilimuwo adatenthedwa pa 100 ° C kwa mphindi 15 kapena kusungidwa mu chopukutira usiku wonse kuti achotseretu madzi otsekeredwa musanasamutsire mpukutu wina wa G / G pa izo. Sitepe iyi inali yopewa kuchotsedwa kwa filimu ya graphene kuchokera ku gawo lapansi ndikuwonetsetsa kuti ma MGG atulutsidwa mokwanira panthawi yotulutsidwa kwa wosanjikiza wa PMMA.
The morphology ya dongosolo MGG ankaona pogwiritsa ntchito maikulosikopu kuwala (Leica) ndi sikani electron maikulosikopu (1 kV; FEI). Chida champhamvu cha atomiki (Nanoscope III, Digital Instrument) chinagwiritsidwa ntchito pogogoda kuti muwone tsatanetsatane wa mipukutu ya G. Kuwonekera kwa filimu kunayesedwa ndi ultraviolet-visible spectrometer (Agilent Cary 6000i). Pamayesero pamene kupsyinjika kunali m'mbali mwa njira yomwe ikuyenda panopa, photolithography ndi O2 plasma zinagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga mapangidwe a graphene kukhala mizere (~ 300 μm m'lifupi ndi ~ 2000 μm kutalika), ndi Au (50 nm) maelekitirodi adayikidwa pogwiritsa ntchito masks amthunzi pamapeto onse a mbali yayitali. Mizere ya graphene idalumikizidwa ndi elastomer ya SEBS (~ 2 cm mulifupi ndi ~ 5 cm kutalika), yokhala ndi mbali yayitali ya mizere yofananira ndi mbali yaifupi ya SEBS yotsatiridwa ndi BOE (buffered oxide etch) (HF: H2O) 1:6) etching ndi eutectic gallium indium (EGaIn) monga magetsi. Pa mayeso ofananirako, ma graphene structur es (~ 5 × 10 mm) amasamutsidwa ku magawo a SEBS, okhala ndi nkhwangwa zazitali zofananira mbali yayitali ya gawo lapansi la SEBS. Pazochitika zonsezi, G yonse (yopanda mipukutu ya G)/SEBS idatambasulidwa mbali yayitali ya elastomer mu zida zamanja, ndipo mu situ, tidayezera kusintha kwawo kosagwirizana ndi zovuta pa siteshoni ya probe yokhala ndi semiconductor analyzer (Keithley 4200). -SCS).
Ma transistors otambasuka komanso owoneka bwino a kaboni onse pagawo lotanuka adapangidwa ndi njira zotsatirazi kuti apewe kuwonongeka kwa zosungunulira za polima dielectric ndi gawo lapansi. Zomangamanga za MGG zidasamutsidwa ku SEBS ngati ma electrode pachipata. Kuti mupeze yunifolomu yopyapyala ya polymer dielectric wosanjikiza (2 μm wandiweyani), yankho la SEBS toluene (80 mg/ml) linali lozungulira-lokutidwa pa octadecyltrichlorosilane (OTS) -yosinthidwa SiO2/Si gawo lapansi pa 1000 rpm kwa 1 min. Kanema wopyapyala wa dielectric amatha kusamutsidwa mosavuta kuchokera pamtunda wa hydrophobic OTS kupita ku gawo laling'ono la SEBS lophimbidwa ndi graphene yokonzekera. A capacitor akhoza kupangidwa poika madzi-zitsulo (EGaIn; Sigma-Aldrich) electrode pamwamba kudziwa capacitance ngati ntchito kupsyinjika pogwiritsa ntchito LCR (inductance, capacitance, resistance) mita (Agilent). Mbali ina ya transistor inali ndi ma polymer-sorted semiconducting CNTs, kutsatira njira zomwe zidanenedwa kale (53). Ma gwero / kukhetsa ma elekitirodi adapangidwa pazigawo zolimba za SiO2/Si. Pambuyo pake, magawo awiriwa, dielectric / G/SEBS ndi CNTs/patterned G/SiO2/Si, anali laminated wina ndi mzake, ndipo ankawaviika mu BOE kuchotsa okhwima SiO2/Si gawo lapansi. Chifukwa chake, ma transistors owoneka bwino komanso otambasuka adapangidwa. Kuyesa kwamagetsi pansi pa zovuta kunachitika pa dongosolo lotambasula lamanja monga njira yomwe tatchulayi.
Zowonjezera za nkhaniyi zikupezeka pa http://advances.sciencemag.org/cgi/content/full/3/9/e1700159/DC1
chith. S1. Zithunzi za microscopy za monolayer MGG pa SiO2/Si substrates pakukula kosiyanasiyana.
chith. S4. Kuyerekeza kukana kwa mapepala awiri a probe ndi transmittances @550 nm ya mono-, bi- ndi trilayer plain graphene (mabwalo akuda), MGG (mabwalo ofiira), ndi CNTs (makona atatu abuluu).
chith. S7. Kusintha kokhazikika kwa mono- ndi bilayer MGGs (wakuda) ndi G (wofiira) pansi pa ~ 1000 cyclic strain yokweza mpaka 40 ndi 90% yofanana, motsatana.
chith. S10. SEM chithunzi cha trilayer MGG pa SEBS elastomer pambuyo kupsyinjika, kusonyeza yaitali mpukutu mtanda pa ming'alu angapo.
chith. S12. AFM chithunzi cha trilayer MGG pa woonda kwambiri SEBS elastomer pa 20% kupsyinjika, kusonyeza kuti mpukutu kuwoloka mng'alu.
tebulo S1. Kuyenda kwa bilayer MGG-ma transistors okhala ndi khoma limodzi la carbon nanotube pamtunda wosiyanasiyana asanayambe komanso pambuyo pake.
Imeneyi ndi nkhani yotseguka yoperekedwa pansi pa chilolezo cha Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial, yomwe imalola kugwiritsa ntchito, kugawa, ndi kubereka m'njira iliyonse, bola ngati zotsatira zake sizopindulitsa pa malonda ndipo ngati ntchito yoyambayo ili yoyenera. otchulidwa.
ZINDIKIRANI: Timangopempha adilesi yanu ya imelo kuti munthu amene mukumupangira tsambalo adziwe kuti mumafuna kuti aliwone, komanso kuti si imelo yopanda pake. Sitijambula imelo iliyonse.
Funsoli ndi loyesa ngati ndinu mlendo kapena ayi komanso kupewa kutumiza sipamu zokha.
Ndi Nan Liu, Alex Chortos, Ting Lei, Lihua Jin, Taeho Roy Kim, Won-Gyu Bae, Chenxin Zhu, Sihong Wang, Raphael Pfattner, Xiyuan Chen, Robert Sinclair, Zhenan Bao
Ndi Nan Liu, Alex Chortos, Ting Lei, Lihua Jin, Taeho Roy Kim, Won-Gyu Bae, Chenxin Zhu, Sihong Wang, Raphael Pfattner, Xiyuan Chen, Robert Sinclair, Zhenan Bao
© 2021 American Association for the Advancement of Science. Maumwini onse ndi otetezedwa. AAAS ndi mnzake wa HINARI, AGORA, OARE, CHORUS, CLOCKSS, CrossRef ndi COUNTER.Science Advances ISSN 2375-2548.
Nthawi yotumiza: Jan-28-2021