01. Momwe mungasinthire ma recarburizer
Carburizers akhoza kugawidwa pafupifupi mitundu inayi malinga ndi zipangizo zawo.
1. Grafiti yopangira
Zopangira zazikulu zopangira graphite yokumba ndi ufa wapamwamba kwambiri wa calcined petroleum coke, momwe phula limawonjezedwa ngati chomangira, ndikuwonjezera pang'ono zida zina zothandizira. Zopangira zosiyanasiyana zikasakanizidwa, zimapanikizidwa ndikupangidwa, kenako zimayikidwa mumlengalenga wopanda oxidizing pa 2500-3000 ° C kuti ziwonekere. Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha kwambiri, phulusa, sulfure ndi gasi zimachepetsedwa kwambiri.
Chifukwa cha kukwera mtengo kwa zinthu zopanga ma graphite, zambiri zopangira ma graphite recarburizer omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri m'makinawa ndi zida zobwezerezedwanso monga tchipisi, ma elekitirodi a zinyalala ndi midadada ya graphite popanga ma electrode a graphite kuti achepetse ndalama zopangira.
Mukasungunula chitsulo cha ductile, kuti chitsulo chikhale chokwera kwambiri, graphite yochita kupanga iyenera kukhala chisankho choyamba kwa recarburizer.
2. Mafuta a kokonati
Petroleum coke ndi recarburizer yomwe imagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri.
Petroleum coke ndi chinthu chomwe chimapezeka poyenga mafuta osapsa. Zotsalira ndi mafuta a petroleum omwe amapezedwa ndi distillation pansi pa kupanikizika kwabwino kapena kuchepetsedwa kwa mafuta osakanizidwa angagwiritsidwe ntchito ngati zipangizo zopangira mafuta a petroleum coke, ndiyeno petroleum coke wobiriwira amatha kupezeka pambuyo pophika. Kupanga kwa green petroleum coke ndi pafupifupi kuchepera 5% ya kuchuluka kwa mafuta osapsa omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito. Kupanga kwapachaka kwa petroleum coke yaiwisi ku United States ndi pafupifupi matani 30 miliyoni. Zonyansa mu green petroleum coke ndizokwera, kotero sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji ngati recarburizer, ndipo ziyenera kuwerengedwa poyamba.
Petroleum coke yaiwisi imapezeka ngati siponji, singano, granular ndi madzimadzi.
Siponji petroleum coke amakonzedwa ndi kuchedwa coking njira. Chifukwa cha sulfure ndi zitsulo zambiri, nthawi zambiri amagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati mafuta panthawi ya calcination, ndipo amatha kugwiritsidwanso ntchito ngati zopangira za calcined petroleum coke. Siponji coke calcined amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka m'makampani aluminiyamu komanso ngati recarburizer.
Petroleum coke ya singano imakonzedwa ndi njira yochedwa yophika ndi zida zokhala ndi ma hydrocarbon onunkhira komanso zonyansa zochepa. Coke iyi imakhala ndi mawonekedwe osweka ngati singano, omwe nthawi zina amatchedwa graphite coke, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka kupanga ma electrode a graphite pambuyo powerengera.
Granular petroleum coke ili mu mawonekedwe a ma granules olimba ndipo amapangidwa kuchokera kuzinthu zopangira sulfure ndi asphaltene mochedwa njira yophika, ndipo amagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati mafuta.
Fluidized petroleum coke imapezedwa mwa kukokera mosalekeza pabedi lopanda madzi.
Kuthira mafuta a petroleum coke ndiko kuchotsa sulfure, chinyezi, ndi volatiles. Kuwerengera kwa coke wobiriwira wa petroleum pa 1200-1350 ° C kumatha kupangitsa kuti ikhale yoyera kwambiri.
Wogwiritsa ntchito wamkulu wa calcined petroleum coke ndi mafakitale a aluminiyamu, 70% omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga anode omwe amachepetsa bauxite. Pafupifupi 6% ya coke ya calcined petroleum coke yomwe imapangidwa ku United States imagwiritsidwa ntchito popangira chitsulo chosungunula.
3. Grafiti yachilengedwe
Natural graphite akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iwiri: flake graphite ndi microcrystalline graphite.
Microcrystalline graphite ili ndi phulusa lambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati recarburizer yachitsulo choponyedwa.
Pali mitundu yambiri ya flake graphite: high carbon flake graphite iyenera kuchotsedwa ndi njira za mankhwala, kapena kutenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri kuti iwonongeke ndi kusokoneza ma oxides mmenemo. Phulusa la graphite ndilokwera, kotero siliyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati recarburizer; sing'anga mpweya graphite zimagwiritsa ntchito ngati recarburizer, koma kuchuluka si zambiri.
4. Coke ndi Anthracite
Popanga zitsulo zamagetsi arc ng'anjo, coke kapena anthracite zitha kuwonjezeredwa ngati recarburizer polipira. Chifukwa cha phulusa lake lalitali komanso kusungunuka kwake, chitsulo chosungunula chosungunula ng'anjo sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezeranso.
Ndi kusintha kosalekeza kwa zofunikira zachitetezo cha chilengedwe, chidwi chochulukirapo chimaperekedwa pakugwiritsa ntchito zida, ndipo mitengo ya chitsulo cha nkhumba ndi coke ikupitilizabe kukwera, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mtengo wa castings ukhale wokwera. Malo oyambira ochulukirachulukira ayamba kugwiritsa ntchito ng'anjo zamagetsi m'malo mwa kusungunuka kwachikhalidwe cha cupola. Kumayambiriro kwa chaka cha 2011, gawo laling'ono ndi lapakati la fakitale yathu lidatengeranso njira yosungunula ng'anjo yamagetsi kuti ilowe m'malo mwa njira yosungunula ya cupola. Kugwiritsiridwa ntchito kwachitsulo chochuluka chachitsulo chosungunula ng'anjo yamagetsi sikungachepetse ndalama zokha, komanso kumapangitsanso makina opangira ma castings, koma mtundu wa recarburizer womwe umagwiritsidwa ntchito komanso njira yopangira carburizing imakhala ndi gawo lalikulu.
02. Momwe mungagwiritsire ntchito recarburizer pakusungunula ng'anjo yamoto
1 Mitundu yayikulu ya recarburizers
Pali zida zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira zitsulo zotayidwa, zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri ndi graphite yokumba, calcined petroleum coke, graphite zachilengedwe, coke, anthracite, ndi zosakaniza zopangidwa ndi zinthu zotere.
(1) Ma graphite Opanga Pakati pa mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya recarburizer yomwe tatchula pamwambapa, mtundu wabwino kwambiri ndi graphite yochita kupanga. Zopangira zazikulu zopangira graphite yokumba ndi ufa wapamwamba kwambiri wa calcined petroleum coke, momwe phula limawonjezedwa ngati chomangira, ndikuwonjezera pang'ono zida zina zothandizira. Zopangira zosiyanasiyana zikasakanizidwa, zimapanikizidwa ndikupangidwa, kenako zimayikidwa mumlengalenga wopanda oxidizing pa 2500-3000 ° C kuti ziwonekere. Pambuyo pa chithandizo cha kutentha kwambiri, phulusa, sulfure ndi gasi zimachepetsedwa kwambiri. Ngati palibe petroleum coke calcined pa kutentha kwakukulu kapena kutentha kosakwanira kwa calcination, mtundu wa recarburizer umakhudzidwa kwambiri. Chifukwa chake, mtundu wa recarburizer makamaka umatengera kuchuluka kwa graphitization. Recarburizer yabwino imakhala ndi graphic carbon (gawo la misa) Pa 95% mpaka 98%, zomwe zili ndi sulfure ndi 0.02% mpaka 0.05%, ndipo nayitrogeni ndi (100 mpaka 200) × 10-6.
(2) Petroleum coke ndi recarburizer yogwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri. Petroleum coke ndi chinthu chomwe chimapezeka poyenga mafuta osapsa. Zotsalira ndi mafuta a petroleum omwe amachokera ku distillation wamba kapena vacuum distillation ya mafuta osakhwima atha kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati zopangira popangira mafuta a petroleum coke. Pambuyo kuphika, petroleum coke yaiwisi imatha kupezeka. Zomwe zili ndipamwamba ndipo sizingagwiritsidwe ntchito mwachindunji monga recarburizer, ndipo ziyenera kuwerengedwa poyamba.
(3) graphite Natural akhoza kugawidwa mu mitundu iwiri: flake graphite ndi microcrystalline graphite. Microcrystalline graphite ili ndi phulusa lambiri ndipo nthawi zambiri sagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati recarburizer yachitsulo choponyedwa. Pali mitundu yambiri ya flake graphite: high carbon flake graphite iyenera kuchotsedwa ndi njira za mankhwala, kapena kutenthedwa mpaka kutentha kwambiri kuti iwonongeke ndi kusokoneza ma oxides mmenemo. Phulusa la graphite ndilokwera ndipo siliyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito ngati recarburizer. Medium carbon graphite imagwiritsidwa ntchito makamaka ngati recarburizer, koma kuchuluka kwake sikokwanira.
(4) Coke ndi anthracite M'kati mwa ng'anjo yosungunula, coke kapena anthracite akhoza kuwonjezeredwa ngati recarburizer pamene akulipira. Chifukwa cha phulusa lake lalitali komanso kusungunuka kwake, chitsulo chosungunula chosungunula ng'anjo sichimagwiritsidwa ntchito ngati chowonjezeranso. , Mtengo wa recarburizer uyu ndi wochepa, ndipo ndi wa recarburizer yotsika.
2. Mfundo ya carburization ya chitsulo chosungunuka
Pakusungunula chitsulo chopangidwa ndi chitsulo, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zidutswa zomwe zawonjezeredwa komanso kutsika kwa C muchitsulo chosungunula, carburizer iyenera kugwiritsidwa ntchito kuonjezera mpweya. Mpweya womwe umapezeka mu mawonekedwe a recarburizer uli ndi kutentha kwa 3727 ° C ndipo sungathe kusungunuka pa kutentha kwachitsulo chosungunuka. Chifukwa chake, kaboni mu recarburizer imasungunuka makamaka muchitsulo chosungunuka ndi njira ziwiri zosungunulira ndi kufalikira. Pamene zili graphite recarburizer mu chitsulo chosungunuka ndi 2.1%, graphite akhoza mwachindunji kusungunuka mu chitsulo chosungunuka. The mwachindunji njira chodabwitsa sanali graphite carbonization kwenikweni kulibe, koma m'kupita kwa nthawi, carbon pang'onopang'ono diffuses ndi dissolves mu chitsulo chosungunuka. Pakupangidwanso kwa chitsulo chosungunula chosungunuka ndi ng'anjo yolowera, kuchuluka kwa crystalline graphite recarburization ndikokwera kwambiri kuposa komwe sikuli graphite recarburization.
Zoyesera zimasonyeza kuti kusungunuka kwa carbon mu chitsulo chosungunula kumayendetsedwa ndi mpweya wochuluka wa carbon mu madzi malire wosanjikiza pamwamba pa particles olimba. Poyerekeza zotsatira zomwe zapezedwa ndi coke ndi malasha particles ndi zotsatira zopezedwa ndi graphite, zimapezeka kuti kufalikira ndi kusungunuka kwa ma graphite recarburizers muchitsulo chosungunula kumathamanga kwambiri kuposa coke ndi malasha particles. The pang'ono kusungunuka coke ndi malasha tinthu zitsanzo anaonedwa ndi elekitironi maikulosikopu, ndipo anapeza kuti wopyapyala wosanjikiza phulusa wosanjikiza anapangidwa pamwamba pa zitsanzo, chimene chinali chinthu chachikulu chokhudza kufalikira kwawo ndi kuvunda ntchito mu chitsulo chosungunuka.
3. Zinthu zomwe zimakhudza mphamvu ya carbon kuwonjezeka
(1) Chikoka cha kukula kwa tinthu ta recarburizer Kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe a recarburizer kumadalira kuphatikizika kwa kusungunuka ndi kufalikira kwa recarburizer komanso kuchuluka kwa kutaya kwa okosijeni. Kawirikawiri, tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta recarburizer ndi tating'onoting'ono, liwiro la kusungunuka ndilofulumira, ndipo kuthamanga kwa kutaya ndi kwakukulu; ma carburizer particles ndi aakulu, kuthamanga kwa kusungunuka kumakhala pang'onopang'ono, ndipo liwiro lotayika ndilochepa. Kusankha kwa tinthu tating'onoting'ono ta recarburizer kumagwirizana ndi kukula kwake ndi mphamvu ya ng'anjo. Kawirikawiri, pamene kukula kwake ndi mphamvu ya ng'anjoyo ndi yaikulu, kukula kwa tinthu ta recarburizer kuyenera kukhala kokulirapo; m'malo mwake, kukula kwa tinthu ta recarburizer kuyenera kukhala kocheperako.
(2) Chikoka cha kuchuluka kwa recarburizer yowonjezeredwa Pazikhalidwe za kutentha kwina ndi kapangidwe kake komweko, kuchuluka kwa kaboni muchitsulo chosungunuka ndikotsimikizika. Pansi pa mlingo wina wa machulukitsidwe, kuwonjezereka kwa recarburizer, nthawi yayitali yofunikira kuti isungunuke ndi kufalikira, kutayika kwakukulu kofananirako, ndi kutsika kwa mayamwidwe.
(3) Zotsatira za kutentha pamlingo wamayamwidwe wa recarburizer Kwenikweni, kutentha kwachitsulo chosungunuka kumapangitsa kuti mayamwidwe ndi kusungunuka kwa recarburizer kukwezeka. M'malo mwake, recarburizer ndizovuta kusungunuka, ndipo mayamwidwe a recarburizer amachepetsa. Komabe, kutentha kwa chitsulo chosungunuka kukakhala kokwera kwambiri, ngakhale kuti recarburizer imatha kusungunuka kwathunthu, kutentha kwa kaboni kumawonjezeka, zomwe pamapeto pake zimabweretsa kuchepa kwa kaboni komanso kuchepa kwathunthu. kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe a recarburizer. Nthawi zambiri, kutentha kwachitsulo chosungunuka kukakhala pakati pa 1460 ndi 1550 ° C, kuyamwa bwino kwa recarburizer ndikobwino kwambiri.
(4) Chikoka chachitsulo chosungunula chomwe chikugwedezeka pamayamwidwe a chitsulo chosungunula Kukokera kumapindulitsa pakusungunuka ndi kufalikira kwa kaboni, ndipo kumapewa kuyandamanso pamwamba pa chitsulo chosungunuka ndikuwotchedwa. Recarburizer isanasungunuke kwathunthu, nthawi yolimbikitsa ndi yayitali ndipo kuchuluka kwa kuyamwa kumakhala kwakukulu. Kukondoweza kungathenso kuchepetsa nthawi yogwira carbonization, kufupikitsa nthawi yopanga, komanso kupewa kuwotcha zinthu za alloying muchitsulo chosungunuka. Komabe, ngati nthawi yosonkhezerayo ndi yaitali kwambiri, sikuti imangokhala ndi chikoka chachikulu pa moyo wautumiki wa ng'anjo, komanso imakulitsa kutaya kwa carbon mu chitsulo chosungunuka pambuyo pa kusungunuka kwa recarburizer. Choncho, nthawi yoyenera yogwedeza yachitsulo chosungunuka iyenera kukhala yoyenera kuonetsetsa kuti recarburizer imasungunuka kwathunthu.
(5) Chikoka cha mankhwala achitsulo chosungunuka pamayamwidwe a recarburizer Pamene mpweya woyamba muchitsulo chosungunula uli wokwera, pansi pa malire ena osungunuka, mayamwidwe a recarburizer amachedwa, kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe kumakhala kochepa. , ndipo kuwonongeka kwa moto kumakhala kwakukulu. Mayamwidwe a recarburizer ndi otsika. Zosiyana ndi zomwe zimakhalapo pamene mpweya woyambirira wachitsulo wosungunuka umakhala wotsika. Kuphatikiza apo, silicon ndi sulfure mu chitsulo chosungunula zimalepheretsa kuyamwa kwa kaboni ndikuchepetsa kuyamwa kwa ma recarburizers; pomwe manganese amathandizira kuyamwa kaboni ndikuwongolera kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe a recarburizers. Pankhani ya kuchuluka kwa chikoka, silicon ndiye wamkulu, wotsatiridwa ndi manganese, ndipo kaboni ndi sulfure zili ndi mphamvu zochepa. Choncho, popanga zenizeni, manganese ayenera kuwonjezeredwa poyamba, ndiye carbon, ndiyeno silicon.
4. Zotsatira za recarburizers zosiyanasiyana pa katundu wa chitsulo choponyedwa
(1) Mayesero ng'anjo ziwiri zapakati za 5t zapakatikati zidagwiritsidwa ntchito kusungunula, zokhala ndi mphamvu yayikulu ya 3000kW ndi ma frequency a 500Hz. Malinga ndi mndandanda watsiku ndi tsiku wa msonkhanowo (50% zobwerera, 20% chitsulo cha nkhumba, 30% zidutswa), gwiritsani ntchito recarburizer ya nayitrogeni yocheperako komanso mtundu wa graphite recarburizer kuti musungunuke ng'anjo yachitsulo chosungunuka motsatana, motsatana ndi zofunika ndondomeko Mukakonza mankhwala, ponyani yamphamvu yonyamula kapu motsatana.
Njira yopangira: Recarburizer imawonjezeredwa ku ng'anjo yamagetsi mumagulu panthawi ya chakudya cha smelting, 0.4% primary inoculant (silicon barium inoculant) imawonjezedwa muzitsulo, ndi 0.1% yachiwiri yothamanga (Silicon barium inoculant). Gwiritsani ntchito mzere wa masitayelo wa DISA2013.
(2) Makina amakina Kuti atsimikizire momwe ma recarburizer awiri osiyana amagwirira ntchito pazitsulo zachitsulo, komanso kupewa kutengera kapangidwe kachitsulo chosungunuka pazotsatira, chitsulo chosungunuka chomwe chimasungunuka ndi ma recarburizer osiyanasiyana adasinthidwa kuti akhale ofanana. . Kuti mutsimikizire bwino zotsatira zake, pakuyesa, kuwonjezera pa ma seti awiri a mipiringidzo ya Ø30mm adatsanulidwa m'ng'anjo ziwiri zachitsulo chosungunula, zidutswa za 12 zoponyedwa muchitsulo chilichonse chosungunuka zinasankhidwanso mwachisawawa kuti ayese kuuma kwa Brinell. (6 zidutswa / bokosi, kuyesa mabokosi awiri).
Pankhani ya pafupifupi yofanana, mphamvu ya mipiringidzo yoyesera yomwe imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa graphite recarburizer ndiyokwera kwambiri kuposa mipiringidzo yoyesedwa pogwiritsa ntchito recarburizer yamtundu wa calcined, komanso magwiridwe antchito a ma castings opangidwa ndi recarburizer yamtundu wa graphite mwachiwonekere ndiyabwino kuposa yomwe imapangidwa pogwiritsa ntchito mtundu wa graphite recarburizer. Ma castings opangidwa ndi ma calcined recarburizers (pamene kuuma kwa ma castings kuli kokwera kwambiri, m'mphepete mwa ma castings amawoneka ngati akudumpha mpeni pokonza).
(3) Mitundu ya graphite ya zitsanzo zogwiritsira ntchito recarburizer yamtundu wa graphite onse ndi A-mtundu wa graphite, ndipo chiwerengero cha graphite ndi chachikulu ndipo kukula kwake ndi kochepa.
Zotsatirazi zimachokera ku zotsatira za mayeso omwe ali pamwambawa: recarburizer yapamwamba kwambiri yamtundu wa graphite sikuti imangosintha mawonekedwe a mawotchi, kukonza mawonekedwe a metallographic, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito a castings.
03. Epilogue
(1) Zomwe zimakhudza kuchuluka kwa mayamwidwe a recarburizer ndi kukula kwa tinthu ting'onoting'ono ta recarburizer, kuchuluka kwa recarburizer yowonjezeredwa, kutentha kwapang'onopang'ono, nthawi yosonkhezera yachitsulo chosungunula komanso kapangidwe kake kachitsulo kosungunuka.
(2) Recarburizer yapamwamba kwambiri yamtundu wa graphite sikuti imangosintha mawonekedwe a makina, kukonza mawonekedwe a metallographic, komanso kukonza magwiridwe antchito a castings. Chifukwa chake, popanga zinthu zazikulu monga midadada ya silinda ndi mitu ya silinda munjira yosungunula ng'anjo yotenthetsera, tikulimbikitsidwa kugwiritsa ntchito ma recarburizer apamwamba kwambiri amtundu wa graphite.
Nthawi yotumiza: Nov-08-2022