Mu 1955, Jilin Carbon Factory, kampani yoyamba ya graphite electrode ku China, idakhazikitsidwa mwalamulo mothandizidwa ndi akatswiri aukadaulo ochokera ku Soviet Union yakale. M'mbiri ya chitukuko cha graphite electrode, pali zilembo ziwiri zaku China.
Ma electrode a graphite, omwe ndi graphite yolimba kutentha kwambiri, ali ndi mphamvu zabwino kwambiri zoyendetsera magetsi komanso kupanga magetsi, omwe amagwiritsidwa ntchito kwambiri popanga magetsi.chitsulo.
Poganizira za kukwera kwa zinthu, ma electrode a graphite a chaka chino sakugwira ntchito. Mtengo wapakati wa msika wa ma electrode akuluakulu a graphite unali 21393 yuan/tani,kukwera ndi 51%kuyambira nthawi yomweyi chaka chatha. Chifukwa cha izi, graphite electrode yakunyumba ya mchimwene wamkulu (gawo la msika loposa 20%) - Fang Da carbon (600516) m'magawo atatu oyamba a chaka chino ndalama zogwirira ntchito za 3.57 biliyoni yuan, kukula kwa chaka ndi chaka kwa 37%, kubwerera ku kukula kwa phindu la amayi la 118%. Kupambana kodabwitsa kumeneku kunakopa mabungwe oposa 30 kuti akafufuze sabata yatha, pakati pawo pali mabizinesi ambiri akuluakulu osonkhetsa ndalama monga Efonda ndi Harvest.
Ndipo abwenzi omwe amasamala za makampani amagetsi onse amadziwa kuti pansi pa dzanja lachitsulo la kachisi, kugwiritsa ntchito mphamvu kawiri, komanso mafakitale owononga kwambiri asiya kupanga ndi kutseka. Makampani opanga zitsulo monga makampani okwera kawiri ayeneranso kukhala ndi gawo lotsogola m'chigawo chachitsulo ndi chitsulo cha Hebei ndi otchuka kwambiri. Malinga ndi zoona, kupanga zitsulo zochepa, kufunikira kwa ma electrode a graphite kudzachepanso, ndi zala zomwe zingaganizidwe, mitengo ya ma electrode a graphite iyenera kutsika ah.
1. Popanda ma electrode a graphite, ziwiya zamagetsi za arc sizigwira ntchito kwenikweni
Kuti mumvetse bwino ma electrode a graphite, ndikofunikira kutsegula unyolo wa mafakitale kuti muwone pang'ono. Kumtunda, graphite electrode kupita ku petroleum coke, singano coke ziwiri zopangidwa ndi mankhwala ngati zopangira, kudzera mu kukonzekera kovuta kwa 11,Tani imodzi ya graphite electrode imafunika matani 1.02 a zipangizo zopangira, nthawi yopangira imatenga masiku opitilira 50, ndipo mtengo wa zinthuzo umakhala woposa 65%.
Monga ndanenera, ma electrode a graphite amachititsa magetsi. Malinga ndi kuchuluka kwa mphamvu yovomerezeka, ma electrode a graphite akhoza kugawidwa m'magulu awiri:mphamvu yanthawi zonse, mphamvu yayikulu komanso mphamvu yapamwamba kwambiriMa electrode a graphite. Mitundu yosiyanasiyana ya ma electrode ili ndi makhalidwe osiyanasiyana a thupi ndi mankhwala.
Pansi pa mtsinje, ma electrode a graphite amagwiritsidwa ntchito mu uvuni wa arc, silicon yamafakitale ndiphosphorous wachikasukupanga, kupanga zitsulo nthawi zambiri kumakhala pafupifupi80%Pakugwiritsa ntchito ma electrode a graphite konse, mtengo waposachedwa ukukwera makamaka chifukwa cha makampani opanga zitsulo. M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha kuchuluka kwa zitsulo za EAF zamphamvu kwambiri zomwe zimagwira ntchito bwino, ma electrode a graphite akukulanso kukhala mphamvu yapamwamba kwambiri, yomwe imagwira ntchito bwino kuposa mphamvu wamba. Ndani amadziwa bwinoelectrode ya graphite yamphamvu kwambiriukadaulo, yemwe adzatsogolera msika wamtsogolo. Pakadali pano, opanga 10 apamwamba padziko lonse lapansi opanga ma electrode a graphite amphamvu kwambiri amapanga pafupifupi 44.4% ya kuchuluka kwa ma electrode a graphite amphamvu kwambiri padziko lonse lapansi. Msikawu ndi wokulirapo, ndipo dziko lotsogola kwambiri ndi Japan.
Kuti mumvetse bwino zotsatirazi, nayi njira yoyambira mwachidule yopangira chitsulo. Kawirikawiri, kusungunula chitsulo ndi chitsulo kumagawidwa m'magulu awiri:ng'anjo yophulikanding'anjo yamagetsi ya arc: yoyamba idzakhala chitsulo, coke ndi chitsulo china chosungunula nkhumba, kenako chosinthira mpweya wambiri, chosungunula chitsulo chosungunuka kukhala chitsulo chamadzimadzi. China chimagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zamagetsi ndi kutentha kwa ma electrode a graphite kusungunula chitsulo chotsala ndikupanga chitsulo.
Chifukwa chake, ma electrode a graphite opangira zitsulo za EAF, monga PVDF ya lithiamu anode, sakufunika kwambiri (tani imodzi yachitsulo imagwiritsa ntchito ma electrode a graphite a 1.2-2.5kg okha), koma sizingatheke popanda iye. Ndipo sipadzakhala wina wolowa m'malo posachedwa.
2. Moto wa kaboni awiri, unatulutsa mphamvu ya electrode ya graphite
Sikuti chitsulo chokha, kupanga ma electrode a graphite ndi kampani yomwe imagwiritsa ntchito mphamvu zambiri komanso imatulutsa mpweya wambiri, komanso kukula kwa mphamvu mtsogolo sikuli bwino. Kupanga ma electrode a graphite a tani imodzi kumadya matani pafupifupi 1.7 a malasha wamba, ndipo ngati atasinthidwa kukhala matani 2.66 a carbon dioxide pa tani imodzi ya malasha wamba, ma electrode a graphite a tani imodzi amatulutsa matani pafupifupi 4.5 a carbon dioxide mumlengalenga. Inner Mongolia savomerezanso pulojekiti ya electrode ya graphite chaka chino ndi umboni wabwino.
Chifukwa cha cholinga cha kaboni iwiri komanso mutu wobiriwira, kutulutsa kwapachaka kwa ma electrode a graphite kunatsikanso koyamba m'zaka zinayi. Mu 2017, msika wapadziko lonse wa zitsulo wa eAF, womwe unapangitsa kuti pakhale kufunikira kwa ma electrode a graphite, osewera ma electrode a graphite, awonjezera kupanga ndi kukula kwa mphamvu, ma electrode a Graphite ku China kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2019 adawonetsa kukula kwakukulu.
Chomwe chimatchedwa kuti cycle, ndi upperstream eatmeat, understream eat noodles.
Chifukwa cha ndalama zambiri zomwe zimagwiritsidwa ntchito popanga ma electrode a graphite m'makampani, zomwe zimapangitsa kuti katundu achuluke pamsika, zinatsegula njira yotsika yamakampani, kuchotsedwa kwa zinthu kwakhala nyimbo yayikulu. Mu 2020, kutulutsa konse kwa ma electrode a graphite padziko lonse lapansi kunachepa ndi matani 340,000, kufika pa 22%, kutulutsa kwa ma electrode a graphite ku China kunachepanso kuchoka pa matani 800,000 kufika pa matani 730,000, ndipo kutulutsa kwenikweni kwa chaka chino kukuyembekezeka kuchepa kokha.
Usiku umodzi wobwerera ufulu usanatuluke.
Mphamvu yopanga siili yokwera, palibe ndalama (ndalama zochepa), mitengo ya zinthu zopangira ikukwera. Petroleum coke, needle coke posachedwapa yakwera 300-600 yuan/tani pa sabata. Kuphatikiza kwa zinthu zitatuzi kumasiya osewera a graphite ndi njira imodzi yokha, yomwe ndi kukweza mitengo. Zamagetsi wamba, amphamvu kwambiri, amphamvu kwambiri, zamagetsi atatu a graphite electrode zakweza mtengo. Malinga ndi lipoti la Baichuan Yingfu, ngakhale mtengo utakwera, msika wa graphite electrode ku China ukadali wosowa, opanga ena alibe graphite electrode, kuchuluka kwa ntchito kukupitirira kukwera.
3. Kusintha kwa chitsulo, kwa malo otseguka a malingaliro a graphite electrode
Ngati malire opanga, kukwera kwa mtengo ndi kusapindula ndizo zomwe zimapangitsa kuti mitengo ya ma electrode a graphite ikwere pambuyo poti nthawi yatha, kusintha kwa makampani opanga zitsulo kumatsegula malingaliro a kukwera kwa mitengo ya ma electrode apamwamba a graphite mtsogolo.
Pakadali pano, pafupifupi 90% ya zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosaphikidwa m'nyumba zimachokera ku kupanga chitsulo cha blast furnace (coke), chomwe chimatulutsa mpweya wambiri wa kaboni. M'zaka zaposachedwa, chifukwa cha zofunikira za dziko lonse pakusintha ndi kukweza mphamvu zachitsulo, kusunga mphamvu ndi kuchepetsa mpweya wa kaboni, opanga ena achitsulo asintha kuchoka pa blast furnace kupita ku electric arc furnace. Ndondomeko zoyenera zomwe zidayambitsidwa chaka chatha zidanenanso kuti zinthu zopangidwa ndi chitsulo cha electrode arc furnace zidapanga zoposa 15% ya zinthu zonse zopangidwa ndi chitsulo chosaphikidwa, ndipo amayesetsa kukwaniritsa 20%. Monga tafotokozera pamwambapa, chifukwa graphite electrode ndi yofunika kwambiri pa electric arc furnace, imakonzanso molakwika zofunikira za graphite electrode.
Sizinali zopanda chifukwa kuti chiwerengero cha chitsulo cha EAF chiwongoleredwe. Zaka zisanu zapitazo, kuchuluka kwa kupanga chitsulo chamagetsi padziko lonse lapansi cha arc ng'anjo yamagetsi kwafika pa 25.2%, United States, European Union mayiko 27 anali 62.7%, 39.4%, dziko lathu m'derali la kupita patsogolo lili ndi malo ambiri, kotero kuti kufunikira kwa ma electrode a graphite kukwezeke.
Chifukwa chake, tinganene kuti ngati kutulutsa kwa chitsulo cha EAF kuli pafupifupi 20% ya kutulutsa konse kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa mu 2025, ndipo kutulutsa kwa chitsulo chosaphikidwa kukuwerengedwa malinga ndi matani 800 miliyoni pachaka, kufunikira kwa ma electrode a graphite ku China mu 2025 kuli pafupifupi matani 750,000. Frost Sullivan akulosera kuti kotala lachinayi la chaka chino lidakali ndi malo oti ligwire ntchito.
N’zoona kuti electrode ya graphite imakwera mofulumira, zonse zimadalira lamba wa ng’anjo yamagetsi.
4. Kufupikitsa
Pomaliza, ma electrode a graphite ali ndi mphamvu zambiri nthawi ndi nthawi, ndipo zochitika zake ndizosavuta kugwiritsa ntchito, zomwe zimakhudzidwa kwambiri ndi makampani achitsulo omwe ali pansi. Pambuyo pa kukwera kwa ntchito kuyambira 2017 mpaka 2019, idatsika chaka chatha. Chaka chino, pansi pa malire opanga, phindu lochepa komanso mtengo wokwera, mtengo wa ma electrode a graphite watsika ndipo chiwongola dzanja chogwira ntchito chikupitirira kukwera.
Mtsogolomu, chifukwa cha zofunikira pakusintha kwa chitsulo ndi chitsulo pogwiritsa ntchito njira zobiriwira komanso zotsika mtengo, chitsulo cha EAF chidzakhala chothandizira kwambiri pakukweza kufunikira kwa ma electrode a graphite, koma kusintha ndi kukweza kudzakhala njira yayitali. Kukwera kwa mitengo ya ma electrode a graphite sikungakhale kosavuta.
Nthawi yotumizira: Novembala-08-2021